Tondo (Philippines)
Tondo (traditional Chinese東 都, pinyin : dōngdū, POJ : Tong-To), in German eastern capital, was once the capital of the Kingdom of Lüsongguo (traditional Chinese: 呂宋 國; pinyin: Lǚsòngguó). The island of Luzon was named after this empire during the Spanish colonial era . Tondo was also the residence and home of the Lakandula dynasty, the Lusongguo royal family. Today the former city is a district of the Philippine capital Manila and is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.
Tondo is located in the northwestern part of Manila and is mainly divided into residential and industrial areas. The district is also the poorest and most underdeveloped area of the Philippine Republic. It should also be mentioned that the birthplace of the founder of the Katipunan , Andrés Bonifacio , can be found there.
history
The city of Tondo is at least 1,100 years old. According to the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, better known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, or LCI, the city existed as early as 900 AD. The plate was written in Kawi and is currently in the National Museum of the Philippines . The document says that at that time the region was ruled by Senapati Jayadeva (Senapati = Admiral in Sanskrit ).
One of the most important events in the city was the Great Migration from China in 1279 AD . Grand general Zhang Shijie (張世傑) led the Chinese refugees from the mainland to what is now Luzon. There they founded the Luzon Empire , also known as the Lower or Little Song Empire (呂宋 國) and made Tondo (東 都) its capital. The reason for the exodus was the defeat of the Chinese against the Mongols during the sea battle of Yamen on March 19, 1279 in what is now Guangdong Province . In the newly founded empire, the thalassocracy Tondo became a powerful trading city. Tondo was an important trading center for all of Southeast Asia . The local Filipino merchants used the Balangay type of boat on their trade routes to reach Malacca , Borneo, Ternate and Myanmar . Another type of ship was the junk , one of which was discovered off the island of Busuanga and was known as the Lena Shoal junk . It is now believed that Tondo was a major center for the junks trade of the Middle Ages and a hub for trade with China.
In 1500 the Sultanate of Brunei led a war against Lusonguo in order to benefit from the empire's privileged trade relations with the Ming dynasty . Since the Sultan won the war, he founded the city of Maynilad, today's Manila, on the opposite bank of the Pasig . Although the then ruler Tondos retained his office, Brunei weakened the empire by installing a new regent of the family parallel to the reigning royal house of the Lakandula. Domestically, the empire was worn down and divided by the defeat in the war and the humiliation of Brunei. Lusongguo experienced its final decline in 1571. Tondo became part of the Spanish province of Pampanga .
A census conducted by Miguel de Loarca in 1583 shows that, unlike today, the population of Tondo mainly spoke Kapampangan . Centuries later, José Villa Panganiban, Commissioner of the Institute of National Language, explained that the language border between Tagalog and Kapampangan may once have been the Pasig.
During the later colonial period, Tondo was declared a province of its own.
The Liga Filipina was founded in Tondo in 1892 . Since Tondo was in the heart of the Katipunan distribution area , it is understandable that its population was one of the first regions to rise up against the Spanish colonial power in 1896 (→ Philippine Revolution ).
In 1911, the Tondo province was dissolved by the American occupation forces and assigned to the provinces of Rizal and Bulacan . Meanwhile, Tondo is one of Manila's districts and at the same time the poorest district of the capital.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the north port of Manila was built here with the help of embankments; huge mountains of rubbish were partly removed.
In February 2017, a major fire in the Parola district of Tondo destroyed over 1,000 houses, leaving 15,000 people homeless.
Daughters and sons of the city
- Jose Rapadas (* 1972), Roman Catholic clergyman, Bishop of Iligan
- Coryn Rivera (* 1991), American racing cyclist
literature
- Gaspar de San Agustin, Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas 1565-1615, Translated by Luis Antonio Mañeru, 1st bilingual ed [Spanish and English], published by Pedro Galende, OSA: Intramuros, Manila, 1998
- Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: AD 1300-1965. 4th ed. Revised. Angeles City: By the author.
- Loarca, Miguel de. 1582. Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. Blair and Robertson vol. 5 page 87:
- Panganiban, JV 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
- Mallat, Jean, Les Philippines: Histoire, Geographie, Moeurs, Agriculture, Industrie, Commerce des colonies Espagnoles dans l'Océanie, Paris: Arthus-Bertrand, Libraire de la Société de Géographie, 1846
- Santiago, Luciano PR, The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 [1990]
- Scott, William Henry, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994
- Scott, William Henry, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1984
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from August 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 東西 洋 考
- ↑ The Battle of Yamen
- ↑ The history of the Philippines before Magellan (English)
- ↑ Lost at Sea by Frank Goddio (PDF; 1.8 MB)
- ↑ Scott: Barangay
- ↑ Santiago
- ↑ Miguel de Loarca's Census of 1583
- ↑ Panganiban
