Javanese language
| Javanese | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Java , Indonesia | |
| speaker | about 76 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
jv |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
jav |
|
| ISO 639-3 | ||
The Javanese language (own name: basa Jawa ) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family . It is spoken by around 80 million people, but most of them use Bahasa Indonesia as a written language and live in diglossia .
The actual distribution area of the language are the east and the middle of the island of Java . However, there is also a well-established language community in Suriname , as well as many speakers whose ancestors or who have recently left Java and still stick to Javanese.
Closely related to Javanese are Sundanese , Balinese and Madurese .
history
Because of the ancient and richly developed literature, Javanese is one of the few cultural languages of the Malayo-Polynesian language group. Since the 6th century the language spread continuously between the Indian suburbs and Java and penetrated into popular life. In this way a second Indian cultural area arose in Southeast Asia ( Cambodia ) and Java with its neighboring islands Bali and Madura . This culture was originally Brahmanic , but then took up both Buddhist schools and in some respects created larger works than the Indian culture in its native India (e.g. Borobudur , Prambanan ). The princes came from the frontier Indian families and so Brahmanic scholarship came to the colonies together with Sanskrit as the court language.
Javanese knows three language levels: the informal level ngoko , which is used, among other things, by higher-ranking people compared to lower- ranking people, a middle level ( madya ) and the polite and formal level krama , which is used by lower-ranking people compared to higher-ranking people.
A dialect of Javanese is Banyumasan , which is spoken in the administrative district of the same name ( kabupaten ) of central Java .
font
Javanese was or is being used with the scripts Pallava (from the 5th century), Kawi (from the 8th century), Carakan (Tjarakan; from the 17th century), with a variant of the Arabic alphabet ( Pegon / Gundil; 15th century) . Century) and written with the Latin alphabet (from the 19th century).
The literary language Kawi, which was probably never spoken, but is based on Old Javanese and contains loan words from Sanskrit , is passed down on numerous palm leaf manuscripts , Indonesian lontar . In ISO 639 , the code kaw (ISO 639-3 code) was assigned to Kawi .
Language example
Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 1:
- Saben uwong kalairake kanthi mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang padha. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab pasrawungan anggone memitran siji lan sijine kanthi jiwo sumadulur.
- All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should meet one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
literature
- Hanns Bohatta : Practical grammar of the Javanese language: with reading pieces, a Javanese-German and German-Javanese dictionary . LINCOM Europa, Munich 2012. Reprint of the edition: Vienna, Pest, Leipzig, Hartleben, 1862, ISBN 978-3-86290-103-6 .
- Brückner: Grammar of the Javanese Language . Sirampur 1830.
- Bettina David: Javanese - word for word ( gibberish phrasebook, vol. 132) . Travel Know-How, Bielefeld 2000.
- Hans Herrfurth : Textbook of modern Djawanian . Publishing house Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1964.
- Hans Herrfurth: Djawanian-German dictionary . Publishing house Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1972.
- Elinor C. Horne: Javanese-English Dictionary . Yale University Press, New Haven 1974.
- Wilhelm von Humboldt : About the Kawi language on the island of Java, together with an introduction about the diversity of the human language structure and its influence on the spiritual development of the human race. In commission from F. Dümmler, Berlin 1836 (first volume), 1838 (second volume), 1839 (third volume) Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 .
- Stuart Robson: Javanese Grammar for Students . Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Clayton (Victoria) 1992.
- Stuart Robson et al. Singgih Wibisono: Javanese-English Dictionary . Periplus, Singapore 2002.
- Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder: Old Javanese-English Dictionary . Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage 1982.
Web links
- Omniglot: Javanese Alphabet (with text samples)
