Prambanan
Prambanan Temple Compounds | |
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UNESCO world heritage | |
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Prambanan general view |
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National territory: | Indonesia |
Type: | Culture |
Criteria : | (i) (iv) |
Reference No .: | 642 |
UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
History of enrollment | |
Enrollment: | 1991 (session 15) |
Candi Prambanan (also: Candi Rara Jonggrang ) is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia and one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia . It is located about 18 km east of Yogyakarta on the island of Java . Characteristic is the high and pointed shape, which is typical for Hindu temples, as well as the strict arrangement of numerous individual temples around the 47 m high main building in the middle.
Prambanan was built around the year 850, either under Rakai Pikatan , a king of Mataram , or under Balitung Maha Sambu during the Sanjaya dynasty . Soon after its completion, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. The temple complex was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1991.
investment
The complex consists of eight main shrines or temples, as well as more than 250 individual temples that surround the main shrines. The three largest shrines, called Trisakti ("three holy places"), are dedicated to the three gods Shiva the destroyer, Vishnu the keeper, and Brahma the creator. This corresponds to the basic structure of the Trimurti - the Hindu God Trinity - which can be found in many Hindu temples, including in Indonesia (for example in Pura Besakih in Bali ).
On the same area, but at some distance from the Hindu temples, there is also a complex with three smaller Buddhist temple complexes, which are also completely or partially damaged and / or are currently being reconstructed.
Reconstruction of the complex began in 1918 and is still ongoing. The main building was not completed until 1953. In particular, the retrieval and correct allocation of the original building material causes problems, as material was often reused in buildings that are far away. As a result, only buildings are rebuilt that have at least 75 percent of the original stones, and many of the smaller shrines still can't be seen much more than the foundation walls.
A strong earthquake on May 27, 2006 severely damaged the Prambanan temple complex, which was already being restored. In order to determine the exact extent of the damage, the facility was closed for a few weeks. Severe structural damage to the Candi ( IPA : [ tʃandi ], stupa ) Brahma , Vishnu and Garuda was found. Large-scale renovation work has been ongoing since July 2006. How exactly the structural damage to the aforementioned Candi will be repaired is still open. Among other things, a complete rebuild is up for discussion. Prambanan has been open to visitors again since August 2006. The shrines dedicated to Vishnu and Brahma can be re-entered. The Shiva shrine is still closed due to the risk of collapse and falling rocks.
In the wider area around the Prambanan there are numerous other temples, many of which are covered by layers of ash and mud from eruptions of the nearby Merapi volcano .
- About a kilometer northeast of the Prambanan Temple is Candi Sewu , the largest Buddhist temple complex in Java with almost 250 main and secondary temples. From the main temple in the middle, the complex, which is surrounded by a wall, is divided into four squares, which are filled with smaller temples. The four gates are each flanked by three meter high Dvarapalas . All temples are covered with rich bas-reliefs . The plant was the end of the 8th century during the reign of the Sailendra -Herrschers Rakai Panangkaran (746-780) and his successor Indra built (782-812).
- Candi Plaosan , another Buddhist temple complex, is about 1.5 km east of Candi Sewu. Originally there were two temple groups, one of which was completely destroyed in the earthquake in 1867. In the middle of the complex there are still two large temples, each surrounded by walls and connected by numerous shrines and massive stupas . The gates of the outer walls are guarded by Dvarapalas with clubs. The walls of both temples are decorated with ornamental and figural reliefs, the windows with plastic kala heads (on the lintel ) and bodhisattvas (on the side). The interior is divided into three parts by two floors with 3 rooms each and a simulated third floor. In each room there were groups of three as cult images : Buddha between two bodhisattvas, with the central figures having disappeared. From the beam holes in the walls you can see that the rooms had a wooden floor. The multi-level roof is made up of small stupas that end in a larger central stupa. According to an inscription stone , Pramoda Vardhani, co-regent of the Sailendra dynasty who was married to Rakai Pikatan, had the temple built around 850.
Legend
According to legend, a prince is said to have built a total of 1,000 temples here in just one night. The beautiful princess Loro Djonggrang, whom the prince was free, scorned him and gave him the apparently unsolvable task of building 1,000 temples in just one night. When 999 temples were finished with the help of some demons, the princess realized her predicament and devised a ruse. The king's daughter let the fire kindle on the horizon, faking the sunrise. With that the prince's task was lost; he could not marry the princess. As a punishment, he is said to have transformed them into the thousandth and at the same time largest temple of all.
See also
literature
- Roy E. Jordaan (Ed.): In Praise of Prambanan: Dutch Essays on the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex . Brill, Leiden and Boston 1996, ISBN 9067181056 .
- Heimo Rau: Indonesia . Kohlhammer Verlag , Stuttgart 1982, pp. 169-172, ISBN 3-17-007088-6 .
Web links
- Borobudur, Prambanan & Ratu Boko. Prambanan Park website (English and Indonesian)
- The Prambanan Temples. Discovery and History (Engl.) ( Memento of 10 January 2015, Internet Archive )
- Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Prambanan Temple Compounds. Retrieved September 4, 2017 .
Coordinates: 7 ° 45 ′ 7.2 ″ S , 110 ° 29 ′ 28.9 ″ O