Tropical rainforests of Sumatra
| Tropical rainforests of Sumatra | |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| Kerinci volcano in Kerinci Seblat National Park . |
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| National territory: | Indonesia |
| Type: | nature |
| Criteria : | (vii) (ix) (x) |
| Surface: | 2,595,124 ha |
| Reference No .: | 1167 |
| UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2004 (session 28) |
| Red list : | 2011 until today |
Coordinates: 2 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ S , 101 ° 30 ′ 0 ″ E
 
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Tropical rainforests of Sumatra |
Tropical rainforests of Sumatra is the name of a site that was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004 . The site consists of three Indonesian national parks on the island of Sumatra : Gunung Leuser , Kerinci-Seblat and Barisan Selatan . It fulfilled three of four criteria for inclusion in the World Natural Heritage List: outstanding scenic beauty (vii), an excellent example of ecological and biological processes (ix) and significant natural habitats for species protection (x). Since 2011, the World Heritage Site has also been on the UNESCO Red List of World Heritage in Danger because the rainforests are threatened by the expansion of agriculture, road construction and the inadequate enforcement of protective laws.
meaning
The tropical rainforests of Sumatra were recognized because, firstly, they represent a significant forest area in Sumatra, which consists of both lowland and mountain forests. Within 50 years, the once extensive tropical rainforest on the island has been pushed back into remote areas.
Second, all of the national parks that make up the World Heritage Site are located on the main ridge of the Barisan Mountains . From this mountain range, which is known as the “Andes of Sumatra”, there is a good view. The mountains in each park represent a mighty mountain backdrop for the Sumatra lowlands.
After all, all three national parks have a very rich habitat and wide biodiversity . Together, the three parks form half of the plant diversity on the island of Sumatra. At least 92 local plant species have been classified in the Gunung-Leuser National Park.
Location and climate
The total area of the protected rainforest is 25,000 km². The three national parks are as follows:
- Gunung Leuser National Park : 8,629.75 km²
- Kerinci-Seblat National Park : 13,753.5 km²
- Barisan Selatan National Park : 3,568 km²
The Gunung Leuser National Park in the north of the island is 150 km long, over 100 km wide and is predominantly mountainous. 40% of the park area is rugged and located at an altitude of over 1500 m. Only 12% of the park, in its southern half, is below 600 meters and extends for 25 km along the coast. Eleven mountain peaks are over 2700 m high. The highest point is the 3466 meter high Gunung Leuser. The area around the Gunung Leuser is known as the Leuser ecosystem.
The Kerinci Seblat National Park in the center of the island extends over 350 km along the Barisan Mountains. It is on average 45 km wide and is at an average altitude of 2000 m. In the northern half of the east there is a lower mountain range that is between 800 and 1500 m high. Three quarters of the parking area is rugged. The highest point is the Kerinci , at 3805 meters the highest volcano in Indonesia.
Barisan Selatan National Park is also 350 km long, but on average only 45 km wide. The northernmost two thirds are rocky and an average of 1500 m high. The southern half is lower. 90 km of this is a cape and the park borders the sea for half of its length. Many rivers have their source in the park and there are many lakes and hot springs.
The mountain regions have little changeable and high temperatures all year round, as well as high humidity and heavy rainfall for nine months in wetter areas and for seven months in drier areas. This climate has favored high speciation (formation of new species) and biodiversity. Gunung-Leuser-Park receives 3000 mm of rainwater annually, in the north, and collects 4657 mm in the southern lowlands. The average temperatures are between 21 and 28 ° C. The humidity is always over 60%, especially in locations over 1700 m. Kerinci Seblat Park has an average of 2990 mm of rain. Temperatures range from 16 to 28 ° C and the humidity is always high (77–90%). In the Barisan Selatan Park, the rocky west is particularly humid in the monsoon season from November to May. The amount of rain is 3000–4000 mm. The east is drier, with 2500–3000 mm of rain and temperatures between 20 and 28 ° C.
Flora and fauna
The Gunung-Leuser National Park is one of the 18 Indonesian regions that the WWF has classified as part of the 200 most important ecoregions for the protection of global biodiversity. 174 species of mammals are found in the park, three of which are endemic and 21 are endangered. Little is known about the smaller mammals. 380 bird species are counted, 13 of them endemic and 52 endangered. Some of the main mammal species: the Sumatran orangutan , Sumatran rhinoceros, and the southern porcupine monkey . The most important bird species include the Sumatran blue flycatcher and the sun duck . Important plant species are Rafflesia arnoldii and Amorphophallus titanum .
There are 85 species of mammals in Kerinci Seblat National Park, five of which are endemic and 23 are on the threatened list. 370 species of birds live there, 13 of them are endemic and 58 are endangered. Some important mammal species live there: the Sunda clouded leopard , the black -backed tapir and the Sumatran rhinoceros. The population of the Sumatran tiger in Kerinci Seblat National Park is the highest, making it one of the 12 most important tiger sanctuaries in the world. Rare bird species: the common duck and the Sumatran running cuckoo . Important plant species: Hopea beccariana and Shorea ovalis subsp. seicea .
The Barisan Selatan National Park counts 98 species of mammals, one of which is endemic and 25 endangered. 379 bird species are listed, seven of which are endemic and 58 are endangered. 59 reptile and amphibian species were counted. The same bird species can be found in the Kerinci Seblat National Park. The Sumatran elephant is found among the mammals and the leatherback turtle among the reptiles .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Description of UNESCO , accessed on February 12, 2009.
- ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. Retrieved September 5, 2017 .
- ↑ HT Wibisono, M. Linkie, G. Guillera-Arroita, JA Smith, Sunarto, W. Pusparini et al .: Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests. PLoS ONE , 6, 11, 2011, e25931. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0025931
Web links
Cultural heritage: Buddhist temples of Borobudur (1991) | Hindu temple of Prambanan (1991) | Sangiran paleontological site (1996) | Subak System - Cultural Landscapes in Bali (2012) | Mining legacy of the Ombilin colliery in Sawahlunto (2019)
Natural heritage: Ujung Kulon National Park with Anak Krakatau volcano (1991) | Komodo National Park (1991) | Lorentz National Park (1999) | Tropical rainforests of Sumatra (2004, R )