Saddleback tapir

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Saddleback tapir
Saddleback tapir

Saddleback tapir

Systematics
Subclass : Higher mammals (Eutheria)
Superordinate : Laurasiatheria
Order : Unpaired ungulate (Perissodactyla)
Family : Tapirs (Tapiridae)
Genre : Tapirs ( tapirus )
Type : Saddleback tapir
Scientific name
Tapirus indicus
Desmarest , 1819

The Malayan Tapir , also Asian or Malaysian Tapir ( Tapirus indicus ) is a mammal of the family of tapirs (Tapiridae). It is the largest representative of the tapirs and the only type of tapir that lives in Southeast Asia . The name derives from the contrasting back panel, which at one in equestrian sport as a saddle pad reminds designated union. The black-backed tapir lives in the tropical rainforests of the lowlands, but is also found at heights of over 2000 m. It lives as a loner and feeds on soft plant food. Its distribution area is severely fragmented due to habitat destruction, the total population possibly comprising a maximum of 2000 individuals is classified as endangered by the IUCN .

features

Habitus

Pleading saddlecloth tapir

The saddleback tapir is the largest representative of the tapirs living today . It reaches a head-torso length of 250 to 300 cm, a shoulder height of 100 to 130 cm and a weight of 280 to 400 kg. Large individuals can also weigh up to 540 kg. The tail is very short and only about 10 cm long. As with all tapirs, the plump, clumsy body of these animals is pointed at the front and rounded at the back, which makes it easier for them to get on in dense forests. The legs are comparatively short and slender, four toes are formed on each of the front legs, and the rear feet have three toes. As with all odd-toed ungulates, the main axis runs through the third toe ( Metapodium III), which is also the largest, while the toes on the side are slightly smaller. The fourth front toe is significantly reduced. The face of the saddleback tapir is characterized by the trunk, which is stronger and longer than that of the American tapir species. The eyes are small, the ears oval, erect and not very mobile. The skin is very thick, especially on the neck and back, and can measure 2 to 3 cm.

The coat pattern of the saddleback tapir, which differs significantly from the four other types of tapir, is characteristic. The front half of the body and the hind legs are black, the rear trunk is white. This pattern is an effective camouflage because the tapir only partially stands out against its background in the dark of the rainforest and potential predators do not recognize the tapir species. The tips of the ears are also white. However, there are, albeit rarely, completely black colored animals that are known as T. i. var. brevetianus .

Skull and dentition features

Skull of the saddlecloth tapir ( Museum Wiesbaden Collection )

The skull of the black-backed tapir is up to 41 cm long and relatively narrow, but less narrow than that of the Central American tapir ( Tapirus bairdii ). It is flat in shape and has some adaptations to the size of the animal, such as an air-filled, significantly enlarged frontal sinus , which expands the surface area for muscle attachment points and at the same time reduces weight. A crest as in the South American tapir species lowland ( Tapirus terrestris ) and mountain tapir ( Tapirus pinchaque ) is not developed. Rather, the saddleback tapir, analogous to the Central American tapir, has lateral bones (parasagittal back) that form a narrow but flat plane on the head. The occiput has a short and right-angled shape, the occiput is clearly saddled in plan view. The nasal bone , which, like the other tapirs, lies far behind the intermaxillary bone , is very short and straight. The reduction of the nasal bone and some other bones of the face resulted from the development of the characteristic trunk, which is a formation of the nose and upper lip.

The lower jaw reaches a length of 34 cm and has a relatively low bone body. This is hardly reduced as the other tapirs bite has the following dental formula in adult individuals: . In the anterior dentition, the outer incisors of the upper jaw (I3) are enlarged and conical in shape, while all the others are greatly reduced in size. On the other hand, the canine tooth of the lower jaw is significantly larger and faces the third incisor tooth of the upper jaw, so that both represent an effective biting tool. The maxillary canine, on the other hand, is smaller. A small diastema separates the incisors and canines, a larger one separates the canines from the rear teeth. The premolars and molars have a largely identical structure. They are low-crowned ( brachyodont ) and have two enamel folds on the chewing surface ( bilophodont ), which are slightly raised at the ends by enamel cusps.

Sensory performances and vocalizations

The white-backed tapir, like all tapirs, has a poorly developed sense of sight , but it is still an important communication aid at close range. The animals react particularly clearly and begin to certain key stimuli, such as the white tips of their ears, the proboscis, but also to the black and white fur markings to sniff immediately, to flehmen or to mark their territory with urine . But hearing and the sense of smell are particularly important . The black-backed tapir reacts quickly to acoustic stimuli in particular, whereby conspecifics and possible predators have the greatest stimulus function. Sound communication takes place via six known types of sounds that are emitted. These include whistling and yowling noises, two different squeaking tones and two sounds that are reminiscent of a burp or a chuckle. All of these noises have different variations and duration and can also occur in combination. Often these tones are emitted before the ingestion of food, at least the yowling may be directly related to eating, while the reason for the other noises is not yet known; however, they may be used to establish contact. The disharmonious belching and chuckling noises, which mostly comprise low-frequency wave areas and are carried much further in the habitat of the tropical rainforest than the higher-frequency squeak and yelp tones, are significant. Overall, however, the sound communication of the saddleback tapir has not been well researched.

Distribution area and habitat

Distribution map: The current distribution is shown in dark green and the previous one in light green

The black-backed tapir is native to Southeast Asia, its current range, which is split into many, often separate individual habitats, extends from southern Myanmar and western Thailand over the Malay Peninsula to the island of Sumatra . Unconfirmed sightings, which, however, date from the end of the 19th century, came from Cambodia and the island of Borneo , among others, and there were indications from Vietnam and Laos at the beginning of the 20th century . This is the remainder of a once much larger range that stretched from southern China across all of Southeast Asia and also included the island of Borneo. Since the saddleback tapir became extinct in these countries several centuries or millennia ago, it is controversial whether human intervention is partly responsible for this decline in its range.

The real habitat of the black-backed tapir is forests, especially the tropical rainforests of the lowlands. However, it also uses other types of forest such as dry forests or partly deciduous forests, sometimes it also occurs in swampy or bushy landscapes and in secondary forests. According to observations, the black-backed tapir changes to rainforests during the dry season due to the better food supply and returns to drier forest landscapes during the wet season. As a rule, an animal can be found near water. Occasionally, the tapir species can also be found on plantations . In mountainous areas such as the Huai Kha Khaeng wildlife sanctuary in Thailand, the black-backed tapir can be found up to an altitude of 1500 m, in the Kerinchi-Seblat National Park on Sumatra it has been observed crossing mountain ridges up to 2300 m. There he lives in mountain cloud forests. The population density is relatively low and fluctuates depending on the region examined; in western Sumatra it is 0.08 to 0.36 individuals per square kilometer in the Taratak Forest Reserve , and around 0.15 individuals per square kilometer in the nearby Kerinchi Seblat National Park . Studies in southern Sumatra have shown that the tapir species is on average more common in flat countries than in hill countries. Overall, it can be seen as rather rare.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

Saddleback tapir

Little research has been done into the way of life of the saddleback tapir. Like all tapirs, it is crepuscular and nocturnal, its phases of activity are between 6 p.m. and 4 a.m. During the day, an animal retreats into the thick undergrowth and can only be observed occasionally. He can swim and dive excellently and can also cope in mountainous terrain. The tapir species usually lives solitary; Group formations only take place during the rutting season or include mother animals with their calves. Saddleback tapirs maintain territories , but are not strictly territorial. The territories of the males are possibly somewhat smaller than those of the females. The area of ​​a male can overlap with several held by females. In the Taman Negara National Park territories of individual individuals with a size of up to 12.75 km² could be determined. A male observed there for 27 days in a row covered an area of ​​0.52 km² during this time. During this time it covered an average of 320 m daily, once it came to meet a female with a young animal. According to investigations in the Krau Wildlife Reserve , the size of the areas there fluctuated between 10 and 15 km². In the individual territories, the saddleback tapir creates trails in the undergrowth on its hikes to the various activity zones, such as eating, swimming or resting places, and marks them with excrement and urine . However, it is also known that the black-backed tapir often dumps its faeces into bodies of water. The splashing of urine, which is often accompanied by a characteristic scratching of the feet, is also an important means of communication between conspecifics.

nutrition

Bathing saddleback tapirs

The black-backed tapir is a herbivore that feeds on soft plant foods such as leaves , aquatic plants and twigs . He uses bushes, low-growing trees, but sometimes also climbing plants . Sometimes he also breaks down small trees to get food; Such fractures are usually 80 to 140 cm high. The preference for such plant food is also evident in its anatomy , such as the molars with their low height of the tooth crowns and the enamel cusps and ridges, which represent an adaptation to this diet, as well as the trunk. The animal uses this to grasp removed food and transport it into its mouth. When looking for food, it moves forward with its trunk on the ground, often in zigzag routes. In the Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia, more than 115 plant species have been documented that are consumed by the black-backed tapir. Of these, 27 species make up around 75% of the total diet and are therefore particularly preferred. The most commonly eaten plants include, in particular, the milkweed family , such as Aporusa and Baccaurea , but also St. John's wort , mulberry and redwood plants . As the preferred fruit eater, it also spreads the ingested plant seeds through excretions during its migrations and thus represents an important ecological factor. This is particularly beneficial for plants with small seeds, such as the Indian rose apple , which was found in around a third of all manure samples , while plants with larger seeds, such as the Cempedak , are rarely detected. Overall, according to studies in Thailand, the diet is divided into 86.5% leaves, 8.1% fruits and 5.4% branches. Very rarely does an animal also consume herbs and mosses .

Salt and soil leaks are also significant, of which the common rag tapir visits several different locations that are generally enriched in sodium , potassium or calcium . To visit such mineral-rich springs, he covers distances of 11 to 15 km. The black-backed tapir does this more frequently than is known in the American tapir species. Since several tapirs can also pass a salt lick, they may also serve as important social contact points.

Reproduction

Young saddleback tapir

Little data is available on the reproduction of the saddleback entaspir. A male is sexually mature at the age of three, females probably a little earlier. As with all tapirs, the reproductive rate is relatively low, there is an interval of almost two years between births, and on average a female mates again 153 days after the birth of the last boy. The rutting of the female takes place every 29 to 31 days. During this time the males court the female and the sexual act begins with the male riding on the female.

After a gestation period of around 390 to 410 days, the female usually gives birth to a single young, twins are extremely rare and can be born several days apart. A newborn saddleback tapir, like all tapir calves, is brown in color and has a light-colored stripe or spot pattern that serves as camouflage. The young animal weighs between nine and ten kilograms. It spends the first days of its life in a sheltered warehouse, after which it follows its mother on her forays and begins to eat plant food. However, the calf also sucks milk, whereby the amount used is up to 9 liters per day. The initial daily weight gain of a young saddleback tapir is just under 1 kg per day. At seven weeks, the child's fur markings slowly begin to grow and the white fur markings are traced through; the process is completed in around four to five months. After about a year, the young animal is weaned and independent. The life expectancy of the black-backed tapir is estimated to be around 30 to 35 years, the oldest known animal kept in a zoo was 36 years old.

Interactions with other animal species

The black-backed tapir is generally very shy and cautious, in the event of threat it remains motionless or retreats into the water. But if an animal panics, it walks blindly through the bushes. If necessary, the saddleback tapir defends itself with bites of its powerful front teeth. The sideline tapir is rarely aggressive towards people. The tiger is one of the natural enemies. As a good swimmer, it is able to chase a fleeing saddleback tapir into the water. To what extent the tapir species is actually hunted by the tiger is largely unclear. More recent long-term studies in the Kerinchi-Seblat National Park have shown that the tiger has only little hunting pressure on the black-backed tapir, so that it does not belong to the preferred prey range of the big cat. Since the predator mostly goes on the prey during the day, the activity cycles of the two animal species hardly overlap, but largely alternate.

Parasites

Few studies have been carried out on parasites in black-backed tapir. Infestation by Babesia has been reported, and Salmonella infections occasionally occur .

Systematics

Internal system of the genus Tapirus (only recent representatives) according to Cozzuol et al. 2013
  Tapirus  


 Tapirus bairdii


   

 Tapirus kabomani


   

 Tapirus pinchaque


   

 Tapirus terrestris





   

 Tapirus indicus



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The black-backed tapir belongs to the genus of tapirs ( Tapirus ). This in turn provides a part of the family of tapirs are (Tapiridae) whose closest relative, the rhinos are. According to molecular genetic studies , they separated from these around 47 million years ago. Both families form the group of Ceratomorpha , whose sister taxon represent the Hippomorpha with today's horses within the systematics of the odd ungulate .

Within the genus Tapirus , the black-backed tapir is the oldest line of today's tapirs. This branched off from the other tapirs around 23 million ago, also determined on the basis of genetic analyzes. Especially in the Pliocene and Pleistocene , Tapirus was very rich in shape in Eurasia . In East and Southeast Asia there were two important lines of development within the genus. One line of these shows the development of Tapirus sanyuanensis to the black-backed tapir, while the other includes the evolutionary change from Tapirus peii via Tapirus sinensis to Tapirus augustus , also known as Megatapirus . Both lines are characterized by the increase in body size, but there are deviations in the tooth morphology.

In 1991 Ronald M. Nowak reintroduced the Acrocodia sub-genus , the main characteristic of which is the special coat pattern, to separate the saddleback tapir from the other (American) tapirs . The name is based on a designation by EA Goldman from 1913, who distinguished the saddleback tapir from the other tapir species at the genus level due to different skull features, such as the arrangement of the bones at the base of the trunk; occasionally today the Asian species is also listed under Acrocodia indica . However, numerous experts are skeptical about the division of tapirs into different genera and sub-genera. Little is known about intraspecific variability. Several subspecies have been described, recently these include the nominate form T. i. indicus Desmarest , 1819 also the form T. i. sumatrensis ( Gray , 1821), in addition, T. i. brevetianus Kuiper , 1926 the dark-haired variant and T. i. intermedius Hooijer , 1947 a fossil representative from Sumatra. New techniques for studying the genetic differences within the saddleback tapir are currently under development.

Tribal history

The black-backed tapir appeared for the first time in the early Pleistocene, and the oldest finds include those from Jianshi and Bijiashan from southern China. At the first site, the tapir species was found together with the giant monkey Gigantopithecus . In the Middle Pleistocene, it was then also found in southern China, Cambodia , Vietnam and on various islands of the Malay Archipelago . The black-backed tapir occurs on Java in the important Kedung-Brubus fauna , but is also represented in the subsequent Ngandong fauna . The finds from the Niah cave on Borneo , which was also used by early humans in the New Pleistocene around 40,000 years ago, are also important . Remnants of the saddleback tapir were assigned to the Asian elephant in their first description . The originally much larger distribution area of ​​the black-backed tapir only shrank to its present, clearly fragmented areas in the Holocene .

threat

Black-backed tapir at London Zoo

As with the South and Central American species, the destruction of the rainforests through the increasing expansion of agriculture , combined with the expansion of human settlement, but also as a result of the extraction of raw materials, is the greatest threat to the black-backed tapir. Furthermore, the increasing amount of hunting is a growing problem, although the tapir species is subject to strict protective measures in the individual countries. Hunting was originally the biggest threat problem, as tapir meat was still being offered on Thai markets in the middle of the 20th century. Sometimes individual animals are also killed in illegally installed traps. A big problem also, the disease transmission of wild pets. The Malayan tapir is on the World Conservation Union IUCN in the endangered Red List species with the status of "high risk" ( endangered performed). It is largely unclear how many wild saddleback tapirs there are, as they rarely show themselves to people due to their shy way of life. For Malaysia, experts assume around 1500 to 2000 individuals (as of 2008).

There are several measures to preserve the saddleback tapir coordinated by the IUCN's Tapir Specialist Group . This includes field research in order to determine the distribution of the tapir representative using camera traps or examinations of the faeces , among other things . Recently, the population in the Krau Wildlife Reserve was determined to be 45 to 50 animals. Further measures consist of the designation of new protected areas and, if necessary, the resettlement of acutely endangered groups of the black-backed tapir or of individual animals that are found too close to human settlements. Between 2006 and 2010, a total of 115 saddleback tapirs were resettled on the Malay Peninsula, either directly to protected areas or to zoological facilities, with such measures being most frequently necessary in the Malay state of Pahang .

literature

  • E. Patricia Medici: Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus. In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 202-204.
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .

Individual evidence

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  4. ↑ a b c d e D. A. Hooijer: On fossil and prehestoric remains of Tapirus from Java, Sumatra and China. In: Zoological Mededeelingen. 27, 1947, pp. 253-299.
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  18. ↑ Elva Gemita, Amy Louise Hall, Tom Maddox: The Asian tapir in Jambi Lowland Forest and Commercial Landscape. In: Tapir Conservation. 16 (1), 2007, pp. 30-34.
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  20. ↑ Jeremy Holden: Indonesia. In: Tapir Conservation. 11 (1), 2002, p. 20.
  21. ↑ Nor Zalipah Mohamed, Carl Traeholt: A Preliminary Study of Habitat Selection by Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus, in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Malaysia. In: Tapir Conservation. 19 (2), 2010, pp. 32-33.
  22. ↑ Ahimsa Campos Arceiz, Carl Traeholt, Razak Jaffar, Luis Santamaria, Richard T. Corlett: Studying the Role of Malayan Tapirs as Dispersers of Large-Seeded Plants in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Fifth International Tapir Symposium in Hotel Flamingo, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 16-21, 2011, Book of Abstracts. 2011.
  23. ↑ a b Carl Traeholt, Mohd. Sanusi bin Mohamed: Population Estimates of Malay Tapir, Tapirus indicus, by Camera Trapping in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Malaysia. In: Tapir Conservation. 18 (2), 2009, pp. 12-20.
  24. ↑ Boyd Simpson, Carl Traeholt, Shukor Md. Nor: Mineral Licks and Their Use by Malay Tapirs. In: Fifth International Tapir Symposium in Hotel Flamingo, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 16-21, 2011, Book of Abstracts. 2011.
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  48. ↑ David Magintan, Carl Traeholt, Kayal V. Karuppanannan: Displacement of the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) in Peninsular Malaysia from 2006 to 2010. In: Tapir Conservation. 21, 2012, pp. 13-17.

Web links

Commons : Schabrackentapir ( Tapirus indicus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files