Laurasiatheria
| Laurasiatheria | ||||||||||||
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The giraffe , golden crowned fruit bat , brown-breasted hedgehog and lion all belong to the Laurasiatheria |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Laurasiatheria | ||||||||||||
| Waddell , Okada & Hasegawa , 1999 |
The Laurasiatheria are a group of higher mammals with great biodiversity that has been established on the basis of molecular genetic studies . It was scientifically introduced in 1999 by Peter J. Waddell and fellow researchers. The name, for which there is no German equivalent, suggests that they have their origin on the former northern supercontinent Laurasia . The sister group of the Laurasiatheria are probably the Euarchontoglires , to which humans also belong and with whom they form the taxon Boreoeutheria . The ancestral species of both groups probably lived in the northern hemisphere between 85 and 95 million years ago. The separation of the orders is over by about 85 to 90 million year old finds of Zalambdalestiden that the rodents (ie Euarchontoglires) are related (Rodentia), and Zhelestiden belonging to the even-toed ungulates , can be counted (Artiodactyla) fossil documented.
In the comparison with the other superorders there are numerous cases of convergent evolution , for example, an adaptation to life in the sea at sea cows of Afrotheria and laurasiatherischen whales and seals or specializing in insects at the afrotherischen aardvarks , the laurasiatherischen pangolins and anteaters , which belong to the secondary articulated animals .
The Laurasiatheria are the only mammal group to have actively conquered the air with the bats (Chiroptera). With the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) they are not only the largest mammal, but also the largest known animal that has ever lived.
Systematics
The Laurasiatheria are divided into the following taxa :
The orders of:
- Insectivores (Eulipotyphla), including for example the hedgehogs , the shrews and the moles ,
- Bats (Chiroptera),
- Unpaired ungulates (Perissodactyla), which include horses , tapirs and rhinos ,
As well as two intermediate taxa with two orders each:
- Cetartiodactyla
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Ferae
- Pangolin (Pholidota),
- Predatory animals (Carnivora), to which one also counts the seals today .
The Laurasiatheria also include the extinct Mesonychia , the South American ungulates (Meridiungulata), the Hyaenodonta and the Oxyaenodonta . The assignment of other groups is controversial.
literature
- Thomas S. Kemp: The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005. ISBN 0-19-850761-5 .
- William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, Stephen J. O'Brien, Ole Madsen, Mark Scally, Christophe J. Douady, Emma Teeling, Oliver A. Ryder, Michael J. Stanhope, Wilfried W. de Jong and Mark S. Springer: Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics. Science 294, 2001, pp. 2348-2351.
- Peter J. Waddell, Norihiro Okada and Masami Hasegawa: Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals. Systematic Biology 48 (1), 1999, pp. 1-5.
Individual evidence
- ^ Peter J. Waddell, Norihiro Okada and Masami Hasegawa: Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals. Systematic Biology 48 (1), 1999, pp. 1-5. doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / 48.1.1
- ↑ Frido Welker, Matthew J. Collins, Jessica A. Thomas, Marc Wadsley, Selina Brace, Enrico Cappellini, Samuel T. Turvey, Marcelo Reguero, Javier N. Gelfo, Alejandro Kramarz, Joachim Burger, Jane Thomas-Oates, David A. Ashford, Peter D. Ashton, Keri Rowsell, Duncan M. Porter, Benedikt Kessler, Roman Fischer, Carsten Baessmann, Stephanie Kaspar, Jesper V. Olsen, Patrick Kiley, James A. Elliott, Christian D. Kelstrup, Victoria Mullin et al. : Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates. Nature , 2015 DOI: 10.1038 / nature14249 .