Baccaurea

Baccaurea
	Baccaurea motleyana
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family :	Phyllanthaceae
Genre :	Baccaurea
Scientific name
	Baccaurea
	Lour.

Baccaurea is a genus of plants within the Phyllanthaceae family . The 51 or so Baccaurea species are distributed from tropical Asia to China and the southwestern Pacific. The fruits of all kinds can be eaten.

description

Illustration of Baccaurea motleyana

Inflorescences of the cauliflower species Baccaurea courtallensis

Vegetative characteristics

Baccaurea species grow as shrubs or trees . The indument consists of simple hair.

The alternate and usually heaped on the upper end of the branches arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple leaf blades have a smooth or serrated leaf margin and pinnate veins . The stipules fall off early.

Generative characteristics

Baccaurea species are dioeciously segregated ( dioecious ). Many species are kauliflor . In some of the kaulifloren and in the other species the lateral, pendulous, compound, spike-like or grape-like panicle inflorescences contain many flowers.

The unisexual flowers lack petals. In the male flowers, the four to eight sepals are usually unequal and overlapping like a roof tile (imbricat). They lack a disc or it is barely recognizable glandular between the stamens (this is sometimes interpreted as staminodes). The stamens are free. The introrsen or extrorsen anthers have two counters and open with a longitudinal slot (longitudinal). The male flowers have a rudimentary pistil, which is usually hairy, flattened, two-columned and enlarged at the top. The four to eight sepals of the female flowers are larger than those of the male and have downy hairs on both sides. There is no discus with them. The two- or three-, rarely up to five-chambered ovary is shorter than the sepals. There are two ovules in each ovary chamber . There are two to five very short stamps.

The fruits are berries or fleshy capsule fruits that slowly open into fissures (loculicidal) and that are egg-shaped, spindle-shaped or spherical. The seeds are surrounded by an edible aril . The endosperm is fleshy or thick. The embryo is curved. The cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are wide and flattened.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Baccaurea was established in 1790 by João de Loureiro in Flora Cochinchinensis , page 641, 661. Etymologically, the generic name Baccaurea is made up of the Latin words baca , bacca for berry and aureus for golden yellow and refers to the sweet berries. Synonyms for Baccaurea Lour. are: Adenocrepis flower , Calyptroon Miq. , Coccomelia Reinw. , Everettiodendron Merr. , Gatnaia Gagnep. , Hedycarpus Jack , Microsepala Miq. , Pierardia Roxb. .

The genus Baccaurea belongs to the tribe Scepeae Horan. in the subfamily Antidesmatoideae Hurusawa within the family Phyllanthaceae .

Seed heads of Baccaurea motleyana on the market

Opened fruit of Baccaurea motleyana

Menteng or Kepundung ( Baccaurea racemosa )

Baccaurea ramiflora or Burmese grapes

Cauliflower on the trunk of Baccaurea sapida

The Baccaurea species are distributed from tropical Asia to southern China via Malesia to islands in the southwestern Pacific.

There are around 51 (up to 80) types of Baccaurea :

Baccaurea airyshawii Chakrab. & M.Gangop. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula .
Baccaurea angulata Merr. : It occurs on Borneo .
Baccaurea annamensis Gagnep. (Syn .: Baccaurea harmandii Gagnep. ): It occurs in Laos and Vietnam .
Baccaurea bakeri Elmer ex Merr. : It occurs in the Philippines .
Baccaurea bracteata Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea bracteata var. Crassifolia (JJSm.) Airy Shaw , Baccaurea crassifolia J.J.Sm. ): It occurs in Cambodia , Thailand and in western Malesia .
Baccaurea brevipes hook. f. : It occurs on the Thai peninsula and in western Malesia.
Baccaurea carinata Haegens : It wasfirst describedin 2000 from northern New Guinea .
Baccaurea celebica Pax & K. Hoffm. : It only occurs in Sulawesi .
Baccaurea costulata (Miq.) Garbage. Arg. : It occurs in eastern Sumatra (including Bangka ) and in northern and western Borneo .
Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Garbage. Arg . (Syn .: Baccaurea macrostachya (Wight & Arn.) Hook. F. ): It occurs in India and Sri Lanka .

Baccaurea dasystachya (Miq.) Garbage. Arg . : It occurs in Sumatra.

Baccaurea deflexa Garbage. Arg. : It occurs in western Malesia.

Baccaurea dolichobotrys Merr. : It occurs on Borneo.

Baccaurea dulcis (Jack) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea suvrae Chakrab. & M.Gangop. ): It occurs on Sumatra in western Java . The fruits are edible.

Baccaurea edulis Merr. : It occurs on Borneo. The fruits are edible.

Baccaurea henii Thin : It occurs in Vietnam.

Baccaurea javanica (Flower) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea acuminata (Miq.) Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea leucodermis Hook. F. Ex Ridl. , Baccaurea minutiflora Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea minahassae Koord. , Baccaurea sanguinea J.J.Sm. ): It comes from the Nicobars and Andaman to western and central Malesia.

Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea glabriflora Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea pyrrhodasya (Miq.) Müll.Arg. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to Palawan .

Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea borneensis (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea griffithii Hook. F. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea beccariana Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Baccaurea maingayi hook. f. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo and on Simeulue .

Baccaurea malayana (Jack) King ex Hook. f. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Baccaurea microcarpa (Airy Shaw) Haegens (Syn .: Baccaurea nesophila var. Microcarpa Airy Shaw ): The rank of a kind she has received the 2,000th This endemic occurs only in the north-western part of the island of Fergusson offeastern New Guinea.

Baccaurea minor hook. f. (Syn .: Baccaurea pendula Merr. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Baccaurea mollis Haegens : It was first described in 2000. It occurs in western Malesia.

Baccaurea motleyana (Garbage.Arg.) Garbage.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea pubescens Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia. The fruits are edible.

Baccaurea multiflora Burck ex JJSm. : It occurs in Sumatra.

Baccaurea nanihua Merr. (Syn .: Baccaurea tristis Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea nanihua var. Oblongata J.J.Sm. ): It occurs from Borneo to Guinea.

Baccaurea nesophila Airy Shaw : This endemic occurs only in the Louisiade archipelago .

Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer (Syn .: Baccaurea membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea trunciflora Merr. ): It occurs in Borneo, Palawan and northern Sulawesi .

Baccaurea papuana F.M.Bailey (Syn .: Baccaurea montana Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea plurilocularis J.J.Sm. ): It occurs in New Guinea and in the Bismarck Archipelago .

Baccaurea parviflora (Garbage.Arg.) Garbage.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea affinis Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea rostrata Merr. , Baccaurea scortechinii Hook. F. , Baccaurea singaporica Pax & K.Hoffm. ): It occurs from southern Thailand to western Malesia.

Baccaurea philippinensis (Merr.) Merr. : It occurs in the Moluccas and the Philippines.

Baccaurea polyneura hook. f. (Syn .: Baccaurea cordata Merr. , Baccaurea hookeri Gage , Baccaurea kunstleri King ex Gage ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Baccaurea ptychopyxis Airy Shaw (Syn .: Baccaurea parviflora var. Ptychopyxis (Airy Shaw) Chakrab. & M.Gangop. ): It occurs from Myanmar across the Thai Peninsula to Bangladesh .

Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea elmeri Merr. , Baccaurea latifolia King ex Hook. F. , Baccaurea puberula Merr. ): It occurs in western and central Malesia.

Baccaurea purpurea Haegens : It wasfirst describedin 2000 from Papua New Guinea .

Baccaurea pyriformis Gage (Syn .: Baccaurea platyphylla Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea platyphylloides Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea pubera var. Tomentella Miq. ): It occurs in the western and central Malesia.

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. Ex Blume) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea bhaswatii Chakrab. & M.Gangop. , Baccaurea wallichii Hook. F. ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to Malesia. The fruits are edible.

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Syn .: Baccaurea cauliflora Lour. , Baccaurea flaccida Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea oxycarpa Gagnep. , Baccaurea pierardi Wall. , Baccaurea propinqua Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. , Baccaurea wrayi King ex Hook. f. ): It occurs from Assam to Hainan and the Malay Peninsula. The fruits are edible.

Baccaurea reniformis chakrab. & M.Gangop. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.

Baccaurea reticulata Hook. f. : It occurs in western Malesia.

Baccaurea sarawakensis Pax & K. Hoffm. : It occurs on Borneo.

Baccaurea seemannii (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea wilkesiana Müll.Arg. ): It occurs only on the Fiji islands Viti Levu and Ovalau .

Baccaurea simaloerensis Haegens : It was first described in 2000. This endemic occurs only on the island of Simeuluë .

Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Garbage. Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea bivalvis Merr. , Baccaurea kingii Gage ): It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Baccaurea sylvestris Lour. : It occurs in Vietnam.

Baccaurea taitensis Garbage. Arg . (Syn .: Baccaurea seemannii var. Samoensis Christoph. ): It occurs only in Samoa .

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg. (Syn .: Baccaurea brevipedicellata Pax & K.Hoffm. , Baccaurea stipulata J.J.Sm. , Baccaurea terminaliifolia Elmer ): It occurs on the Moluccas, the Philippines and Borneo.

Baccaurea trigonocarpa Merr. : It occurs on Borneo.

Baccaurea velutina (Ridl.) Ridl. (Syn .: Baccaurea reticulata var. Velutina Ridl. ): It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.

use

The fruits of all kinds can be eaten. The aril is eaten in all species and the pericarp in some species . The fruits taste sour to sweet.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Baccaurea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Baccaurea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 2, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c RMAP Haegens: Baccaurea in Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert: Baccaurea , p. 216 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 11, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
↑ Baccaurea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 3, 2017.
↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , S., P. 90 (reprint from 1996).

literature

RMAP Haegens: Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of Baccaurea, Distichirhops, and Nothobaccaurea (Euphorbiaceae). In: Blumea. Soup 12, 2000, pp. 1-218.

Web links

Commons : Baccaurea - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[GRIN-1] Baccaurea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 3, 2017.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Baccaurea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 2, 2017.

[MalesianEuphorbiaceae-3] RMAP Haegens: Baccaurea in Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions .

[FoC-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bingtao Li, Michael G. Gilbert: Baccaurea , p. 216 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, April 11, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .

[Tropicos-5] Baccaurea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 3, 2017.

[Genaust2005-6] Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , S., P. 90 (reprint from 1996).