Mataram (state)
Mataram was a kingdom of central Java in Indonesia between the 8th and 10th centuries AD. It was founded by King Sanjaya . He was also known as the founder of the Sanjaya Dynasty . She ruled the kingdom and was later succeeded by the Isyana dynasty . Although the Sanjaya dynasty originally came to power through the rival Sailendra dynasty, it became the dominant power in Java around 850 and was a serious rival to the hegemony of the Srivijaya empire.
Origin and Creation
The early record of the Kingdom of Mataram is found in the Canggal inscription , dated 732, discovered in the village of Canggal, southwest of the city of Magelang . This inscription is written in the Vatteluttu alphabet and in Sanskrit ; she tells of the establishment of a lingga (a symbol for Shiva ) on the hill in the area of "Kunjarakunja". This area is to be found on a noble island called "Yawadwipa" ( Java ), which is preferred by the occurrence of gold and rice cultivation. This inscription reports that Yawadwipa is ruled by a king named Sanna, whose long reign is marked by wisdom and virtue. After Sanna's death, the empire falls apart. Confused by the loss of the ruler and patron, Sanjaya ascends the throne. He was the son of Sannaha, Sanna's sister. He was a king who knew the scriptures, mastered the martial arts , and was also militarily successful. He conquered neighboring areas around his kingdom; his wise reign brought peace and prosperity to all in the empire.
Kings Sanna and Sanjaya are also mentioned in Carita Parahyangan , a later book that essentially tells the story of Pasundan, a kingdom in the West Javanese Sunda region. This book mentions that Sanna was fought by Purbasora, king of Galuh . Thereupon he withdrew to the Merapi . Sanna's successor, Sanjaya, later claimed Sanna's kingdom and ruled West Java, East Java and Bali . He was also involved in battles with the Malay Kingdom and with Keling (against their king Sang Srivijaya). The main theme of the Carita Parahyangan corresponds to the Canggal inscription.
Since the time of its establishment in 928, the kingdom has been ruled by the Sanjaya dynasty. The first king of Mataram was Sanjaya, who left stone inscriptions. However, little is known about the kingdom of the time due to the predominance of the Sailendra dynasty. The kingdom left behind various temples and monuments. The monumental Hindu temple of Prambanan in the neighborhood of Yogyakarta , built during the Hindu era of Mataram, is a fine example of ancient Mataram art and architecture. The large temple complex was dedicated to Trimurti (Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu), the three highest deities of the Hindu pantheon . It was the largest Hindu temple ever built in Indonesia, a testament to the immense wealth and cultural advances in this kingdom.
Shift to the east
At an unknown point in time, the center of the kingdom was relocated from Central Java to East Java by King Mpu Sindok. He founded the Isyana dynasty . The exact reason for the relocation is still unknown. It was probably caused by an eruption of the Merapi volcano or as a result of a power struggle. The later King Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into the Old Javanese language in 996 .
collapse
The kingdom collapsed at the end of Dharmawangsa's rule under military pressure from Srivijaya . Airlangga , a son of King Udayana of Bali and a relative of Dharmawangsa, reestablished the kingdom, including Bali, under the name of Kahuripan . In 1045 Airlangga abdicated in order to devote his life to asceticism . He divided the kingdom between his sons Jangala and Kediri . From then on, the empire was known as Kediri .
List of rulers
- Sanjaya (835-838)
- Pikatan (838-850)
- Kayuwangi (850-898)
- Balancing (898-910)
- Daksa (910-919)
- Tulodong (919-924)
- Wawa (924-929)
- Mpu Sindok (929-947)
- Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya (947-985)
- Dharmawangsa (985-1006)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Drs. R. Soekmono: Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2nd Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 2nd edition 1973, p. 40