Escape

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Saint Jerome with the lion in the monastery (painting by Vittore Carpaccio , around 1505). The monks experience the lion as a danger and flee from him.

Escape generally describes a reaction to dangers , (existential) threats or situations that are perceived as unacceptable. In animals , “ escape behavior ” is part of the natural behavior repertoire.

For humans , flight is a sudden and hasty, sometimes secret, leaving a place of residence or country. The hasty movement away from the threat is often aimless and disorderly, but an escape can also be the targeted search for a place of refuge . In general, refugees are referred to as “ refugees ”.

Current situation

The end of 2017 were as estimated by the UN refugee plant about 65 million people within or between States on the run ( -> fugitives numbers ).

Manifestations

Escape in war: Anglo-Saxon warriors fleeing after the Battle of Hastings ( Bayeux Tapestry )
Mass Exodus from Oppression: The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt (painting by David Roberts , 1830)
Arrested by police after escaping

Escape of soldiers in the war

In war there can be an escape if the enemy breaks through the defenses and advances quickly. Then panic can develop among the attacked troops and they flee in a disorderly manner - in contrast to an orderly retreat .

Escape from danger or threat

Occasions for the escape of civilians can be:

The goal of the escape is in all cases to get yourself and / or relatives or relatives to safety.

An individual escape from an enemy or attacker or another sudden strong threat is usually a hasty, often haphazard to panic running away.

Mass exodus

We speak of a mass exodus when a large number of refugees flee from a war or disaster area or out of fear of massacres, terrorist attacks or political persecution or because of insurmountable poverty. Depending on the occasion, these people are also called war, disaster or economic refugees . Often they do not understand the language in the country of refuge and remain isolated due to the communication barrier.

It is not always possible to precisely distinguish mass exodus from displacement , as (hostile) rulers usually force displaced persons to leave their homeland (e.g. the emigration of the Israelites , known as the escape from Egypt ). Flight and displacement are often the result of domestic and foreign political conflicts that make it impossible for part of the population to stay in their home country (see e.g. flight and expulsion of the German population from the eastern regions at the end of the Second World War, flight from the Soviet occupation zone and the GDR ). For those affected, flight and displacement can be a reason to apply for asylum in the countries of refuge.

Escape from bondage or imprisonment

Escape is also used in the case of people who seek to end a state of bondage by overcoming barriers, going away and at least temporarily immersing themselves. B. Slaves or prisoners (see also prison escape ).

Escape to a protected room

In these fortresses should ensure the protection of the crew and the surrounding population, which was keep a particularly secure tower. However, the colloquial expression " pile up" in the sense of "flee" has nothing to do with it; it is only detectable in the 20th century and probably comes from the language of crooks .

Today, there are similar facilities such as panic rooms or shelter . Escape routes must and stairs by law as escape routes specifically identified, marked and easily accessible; they can also be used by the helpers to find quick access to the victims for the purpose of their evacuation.

In Western societies, one can women's or men's house will be searched to find protection from violence, such as when danger posed by a partner or family member.

Rural exodus

These terms traditionally describe the migration of the population from rural regions to cities.

Escape from the world

An escape can also be psychological, as an inner turning away from the world and its machinery (so-called world flight ). The internal withdrawal is often combined with an external withdrawal into social isolation .

Escape behavior in animals

In the case of animals, one speaks of escape behavior . Animals whose defense strategy against predators mainly (e.g. wild boar ) or without exception consists of flight behavior (e.g. horse , red deer , rabbit ) are called escape animals . A stampede is an instinctive mass exodus of animals.

Legal evaluation

Escape of prisoners

Comparable to the self -assertion and self- defense privilege embodied in the right to refuse to testify and self -defense, a prisoner is not criminally accused of the ineradicable striving for freedom inherent in human nature and the resulting existential pressure of motivation as an exceptional psychological situation in many countries. It is generally understandable that an average resilient prisoner does not let an opportunity to escape that is offered to him pass by and break out of an inadequately secured prison. Such an act, which is aimed at mere self-favoring and does not violate any other legal interest, appears to be understandable to such an extent that criminal prosecution in this regard is felt to be unnecessary. Therefore, in many countries, including Germany, breaking out of prisons is not forbidden, contrary to mostly indifferent representations in the media. Escape is only punished there if further criminal offenses are committed (e.g. property damage , bodily harm ). These national rights show indulgence towards the human urge for freedom, which leads to an emergency-like situation. The fact that a prisoner tries to flee is mostly seen as a natural reaction to be respected, the punishment of which cannot be reconciled with a modern image of man that is based on enlightened humanity.

Escape of prisoners of war

In international law , too , flight is viewed as a consequence of the natural instinct for self-preservation and legitimized in a certain way. Therefore, according to Art. 91 S. 2 of the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War, prisoners of war who have managed to escape but who have recently been taken prisoner may not be punished for their earlier escape. According to Art. 91 sentence 1 of the Geneva Convention, a prisoner of war's escape is considered successful if he (1.) has reached the armed forces of the power on which he depends or an allied power or (2.) if he has has left territory under the control of the Detaining State or a power allied with it, or (3.) when he arrives at a ship belonging to the power on which he depends or an allied power located in the territorial waters of the Detaining State, provided that this Ship is not under the authority of the Detaining State.

In addition, flight or attempted flight should not be regarded as an aggravating circumstance if the prisoner of war is brought to justice because of an offense committed during his flight or attempted flight (Art. 93 p. 1). In addition, prisoners of war who are solely intended to facilitate their escape may be guilty of an offense without using any violence against any person, such as an offense against public property, non-profit-making theft, the production and use of false papers , the wearing of civilian clothes, can only be disciplined (Art. 93 p. 2). However, prisoners of war caught after an unsuccessful escape attempt may be placed under special supervision in order to maintain their physical health (Art. 92).

Escape from debtors

If a debtor has fled in order to evade his liabilities, this behavior constitutes a material reason for bankruptcy under Swiss debt collection and bankruptcy law if the flight leads abroad. The same behavior also constitutes a reason for arrest .

See also

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Escape  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wikiquote: Escape  Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Refugees for the New Year: "In 2018 it would be good if God remembered me" . In: Spiegel Online . January 1, 2018 ( spiegel.de [accessed February 27, 2018]).
  2. ^ Badische Zeitung: Amnesty warns of the “demonization” of minorities - hot spots - Badische Zeitung . ( badische-zeitung.de [accessed on February 27, 2018]). Amnesty warns of the “demonization” of minorities - Brennpunkte - Badische Zeitung ( Memento of the original dated February 28, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.badische-zeitung.de
  3. ↑ Duden: The dictionary of origin , 3rd edition 2001, p. 873
  4. ↑ Duden online: tower
  5. ↑ Martin Helm, The Delict of Prisoner Liberation, Berlin 2010, p. 238 ff.
  6. ↑ Art. 190 Para. 1 No. 1 DEBA; Hunziker / Pellascio, p. 205
  7. ↑ Art. 271 para. 1 no. 2 DEBA; Hunziker / Pellascio, p. 289
  8. ↑ Migration history - continent of refugees . In: Deutschlandfunk . ( deutschlandfunk.de [accessed December 13, 2017]).
  9. ↑ thomaswaitz.de