Sex habit

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Sex habitus , gender habitus or gender habitus has developed as a sociological technical term on the basis of the sociological habitus term to describe the differentiation of the principle of action practices along a gender category. By assigning to a gender category, “certain practices are generated and others prevented” ( Michael Meuser ). At the center of the action practices is usually a two-polar distinction between male and female habitus on a social and subsequently on an individual level. The distinction is a “dimension of the social” and “part of the social order ”, through which an inexhaustible system of opposites is produced. People acquire gender habitus in their psychosocial development , i. H. it is an " everyday matter of course " that is pre-consciously incorporated, internalized and continuously developed further in identity work (habitualization or socialization ). It shows in movements, looks and gestures , but also in thinking and feeling . The gender habitus is one of the cultural patterns of interpretation through which gender affiliation and gender relations as nature and culture are connected to an indissoluble unit. The gender habit is ubiquitous and reflects the power of the social gender order .

The aim of the technical term gender habitus is the scientific description of gender as a bio-psycho-social category of social order and social differentiation . Other technical terms in this area were or are gender character, gender role character, gender role , gender and doing gender .

Development of terms: gender character, gender role, gender, doing gender, gender habitus

The bipolar distinction between male and female habitus was, among other things, a central aspect of the bourgeoisisation of western societies and the implementation of the corresponding polar gender ideal. Different technical terms have been developed to describe this:

• At the end of the 18th century, the concept of character was first used to describe the term gender character . However, it is now largely out of date.
• With the emergence of the concept of social role in the 20th century, the term gender role character, gender role or gender role increasingly prevailed.
• With the increasing preoccupation with the social distinctive category of gender, the concept of “ gender ” was established from 1975, first in the English-speaking world and later also in German, and with the praxeological turn at the end of the 20th century, the concept of doing gender
• Since the establishment of the concept of habitus at the end of the 20th century, the term gender habitus has become increasingly popular , which scientifically explains the psycho- and sociogenesis of gender and doing gender.

In everyday language , the term gender role or gender role is still widely used. This usually goes hand in hand with a less differentiated concept of gender as a biopsychosocial category of social order and social differentiation . In some cases, more differentiated technical terms are not only unknown, but also threaten one's own identity and are rejected. Compared to the meanwhile highly differentiated technical terms , gender-related terms in everyday language often appear as sub-complex or as a “ naive , simplistic conception of gender as a natural , unchangeable , in-itself fact beyond social , cultural and specifically historical conditions”.

Gender as "second nature"

The underlying habitualization is almost forgotten due to the everyday self-evident nature of gender habit. The underlying dimorphism gives the impression that the sex habit is largely biologically conditioned. As a result, a naturalization of social practice is obvious. As a result, the gender habit is viewed as second nature and hidden in its social conditioning and changeability.

Differences between gender habits and gender roles

Gender habitus has become a basic term in general sociology . Because the concept of role implies a contrast between the individual and society , while in the concept of habitus individuals have always been viewed as social. Because of these problems with the concept of social role , the concept of habitus has developed increasingly since the end of the 20th century and has since been applied to more and more areas of social inequality - including gender .

Differences between sexual habits and gender roles are:

• Gender is not just a single role, but goes back to the social habitus as the generating principle by which gender is produced in each case.
• To act sexually, d. H. Doing gender is not only required in a certain social role ( teacher role , father role, etc.), but in every social situation.
• While a gender role remains external to humans and offers the possibility of distancing , it is clear with the habitus concept that gender is incorporated and psychologically internalized. That means you cannot distance yourself from it, at most you can laboriously relearn it.
• Habitus shows the gender relationship as a socially produced inequality relationship that changes in complex social processes . In contrast, gender roles are complementary and can therefore theoretically be thought of as symmetrical and asymmetrical. In studies, however, this turns out to be a voluntaristic illusion .

literature

• Erika Bock-Rosenthal: Structural Discrimination - Just a Statistical Phenomenon? In: Erika Bock-Rosenthal (ed.): Promotion of women in practice. Reports from women's representatives. Frankfurt / M., New York 1990, pp. 11-54.
• Pierre Bourdieu : The male rule. In: Irene Dölling, Beate Krais (ed.): A daily game. Gender construction in social practice. Frankfurt / M. 1997, pp. 153-217.
• Holger Brandes : The male habitus. Vol. 1: Men among themselves. Opladen 2001.
• Holger Brandes: The male habitus. Vol. 2: Men's research and men's politics. Opladen 2002.
• Steffani Engler, Barbara Friebertshäuser: The power of the dominant. In: Angelika Wetterer (Ed.): Profession and gender. About the marginality of women in highly qualified professions. Frankfurt / M., New York 1992, pp. 101-120.
• Beate Krais : Gender Relationship and Symbolic Violence. In: Gebauer, Gunther / Christoph Wulf (eds.): Practice and Aesthetics: New Perspectives in Pierre Bourdieu's Thought. Frankfurt / M. 1993, pp. 208-250.
• Anne Schlüter: "If two people do the same thing, it is far from being the same" - discrimination against women in science. In: Schlüter, Anne / Annette Kuhn (ed.): Lila Schwarzbuch. Discrimination against women in science. Düsseldorf 1986, pp. 10-33.
• Désirée Waterstradt: Process Sociology of Parenthood. Nation-building, figurative ideals and generative power architecture in Germany. Münster 2015.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Michael Meuser: Gender and masculinity . 3. Edition. Wiesbaden 2010, p. 116 ff .
2. ↑ Steffani Engler: Habitus and social space: To use the concepts of Pierre Bourdieu in women and gender studies . In: Ruth Becker, Beate Kortendiek (Hrsg.): Handbook women and gender research: theory, methods, empiricism . ISBN 978-3-531-16154-9 , pp. 222-223 .
3. ↑ Karin Hausen: Polarization of the sex characters
4. ↑ Google Ngram Viewer: Gender, Doing Gender. Retrieved March 28, 2017 . 
5. ↑ Google Ngram Viewer: Gender Character, Gender Role, Gender Habitus
6. ↑ Duden: Gender role. Retrieved March 28, 2017 . 
7. ↑ Sabine Hark, Paula-Irene Villa: "Anti-Genderism" - Why This Book? In: Sabine Hark, Paula-Irene Villa (ed.): Anti-Genderism. Sexuality and gender as sites of current political disputes . Bielefeld 2015, p. 7 .
8. ↑ Beate Krais: Habitus