peanuts
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Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Arachis | ||||||||||||
L. |
The Peanuts ( Arachis ) are a genus in the subfamily of the Pea family (Faboideae) within the family of legumes (Fabaceae). The 80 or so species are only found in the Neotropics . In addition to the globally used peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ), few other species are grown.
description
Appearance and leaves
The Arachis species grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The stem is independently upright to creeping.
The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The pairs feathery leaf blade has at most two pairs rachis against constantly opposing almost seated pinna leaflet . The large, membranous stipules are partially fused with the petiole, there are no stipules of the leaflets.
Generative characteristics
The lateral, spiky inflorescences can contain two to seven flowers, but they are usually reduced to one flower. The bracts are membranous, the lowest having two tips.
The more or less sessile, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . Of the five membranous, narrow sepals four are fused and the fifth is free; they enlarge to the point of fruit formation. The crown has the typical structure of the butterflies . The five petals are yellow, sometimes with red stripes. The flag is almost circular and only briefly nailed to the base. The two free wings are elongated and eyed. The shuttle is beaked and curved inwards. Often one or two of the original ten stamens are missing. All stamens have grown together. There are two forms of anthers, long and short alternate. The single almost sitting carpel usually has two or three, rarely up to six ovules . The base of the carpel, called the “gynophor”, elongates and curves after fertilization - this is how the fruit gets underground. The quickly ephemeral, very long, thin stylus ends in a tiny scar.
The elongated legumes contain one to five, rarely up to six seeds and are somewhat constricted between them. These underground legumes do not open on their own. The thick fruit walls have a net-like surface. The oval or elongated seed has two abundant oleaginous seed leaves ( cotyledons ).
In Arachis , the number of chromosomes in the diploid species is 2n = 20 and the tetraploid species 2n = 40.
distribution
The original range of the approximately 80 species is mainly in eastern to central South America , but extends south to Paraguay and Uruguay.
Systematics
The genus name Arachis was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné with the type species Arachis hypogaea L. in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 741. Krapovickas & Gregory 1994 lists 69 species and Valls & Simpson 2005 11 species were added. The genus Arachis belongs to the tribe Dalbergieae in the subfamily of the Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae .
The genus Arachis is divided into nine sections with around 80 species:
- Section Arachis : There are about 31 species:
- Arachis batizocoi Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis × batizogaea Krapov. & A. Fernández
- Arachis benensis Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis cardenasii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis correntina (Burkart) Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis cruziana Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis decora Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis diogoi Hoehne
- Arachis duranensis Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis glandulifera stalker
- Arachis gregoryi C.E. Simpson, Krapov. & Valls
- Arachis helodes Mart. ex Krapov. & Rigoni
- Arachis herzogii Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis hoehnei Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L. , Syn .: Arachis hypogaea f. Nambyquarae (horns) FJHerm. , Arachis hypogaea var. Nambyquarae (horns) Burkart , Arachis nambyquarae horns , Arachis rasteiro A. Chev. ): There are several subspecies and varieties.
- Arachis ipaensis Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis kempff-mercadoi Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis krapovickasii C.E. Simpson, DEWilliams, Valls & IGVargas
- Arachis kuhlmannii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis linearifolia Valls, Krapov. & CESimpson
- Arachis magna Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis microsperma Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis monticola Krapov. & Rigoni
- Arachis palustris Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis praecox Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis schininii Krapov., Valls & CESimpson
- Arachis simpsonii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis trinitensis Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis valida Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis villosa Benth.
- Arachis williamsii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Section Caulorrhizae Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are only two types:
- Arachis pintoi Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis repens Handro
- Section Erectoides Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are about 14 types:
- Arachis archeri Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis benthamii Handro
- Arachis brevipetiolata Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis cryptopotamica Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis douradiana Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis gracilis Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis hatschbachii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis Hermannii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis major Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis martii Handro
- Arachis Oteroi Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis paraguariensis Chodat & Hassl.
- Arachis porphyrocalyx Valls & CESimpson
- Arachis stenophylla Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Section Extranervosae Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are about ten types:
- Arachis burchellii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis lutescens Krapov. & Rigoni
- Arachis macedoi Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis marginata Gardner
- Arachis pietrarellii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis prostrata Benth.
- Arachis retusa Krapov., WCGreg. & Valls
- Arachis setinervosa Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis submarginata Valls, Krapov. & CESimpson
- Arachis villosulicarpa horns
- Section Heteranthae Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are about six types:
- Arachis dardanoi Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis giacomettii Krapov. et al.
- Arachis interrupta Valls & CESimpson
- Arachis pusilla Benth.
- Arachis seridoensis Valls, CESimpson, Krapov. & R.Veiga
- Arachis sylvestris (A.Chev.) A.Chev.
- Procumbentes Krapov Section . & WCGreg. : There are about ten types:
- Arachis appressipila Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis chiquitana Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis Hassleri Krapov. et al.
- Arachis kretschmeri Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis lignosa (Chodat & Hassl.) Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis matiensis Krapov., WCGreg. & CESimpson
- Arachis pflugeae C.E. Simpson , Krapov. & Valls
- Arachis rigonii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis subcoriacea Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Arachis vallsii Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Section Rhizomatosae Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are two series:
- Prorhizomatosae Krapov series . & WCGreg. : There is only one type:
- Arachis burkartii Handro
- Rhizomatosae series : With only two species:
- Arachis glabrata Benth.
- Arachis pseudovillosa (Chodat & Hassl.) Krapov. & WCGreg.
- Prorhizomatosae Krapov series . & WCGreg. : There is only one type:
- Trierectoides Section Krapov. & WCGreg. : There are only two types:
- Arachis guaranitica Chodat & Hassl.
- Arachis tuberosa Benth.
- Section Triseminatae Krapov. & WCGreg. : There is only one type:
- Arachis triseminata Krapov. & WCGreg.
use
In addition to the well-known peanut species ( Arachis hypogaea ), a few other species are also grown, for example Arachis pintoi , Arachis glabrata and Arachis sylvestris . Several species are involved in the cultivated forms of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ). Edible oil and peanut butter are produced from the seeds and components are now found in many products in the food industry. The seeds ("peanut kernels") are eaten roasted.
Arachis repens is also used as an ornamental plant.
health
Because of the fiber they contain, peanuts are good for digestion .
swell
- Ren Sa, Alfonso Delgado Salinas: Arachis , p. 132 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
- SI Ali: Papilionaceae in the Flora of Pakistan : Arachis - online .
- RK Brummitt, DK Harder, GP Lewis et al .: Arachis in Leguminosae , Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 3, Part 3, 2000: online .
- Robert Hegnauer : Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen , Volume XIb-2, Springer, 2001, ISBN 3-7643-5862-9 , ( Arachis : from page 503).
- Ravi Koppolu, Hari D. Upadhyaya, Sangam L. Dwivedi et al .: Genetic relationships among seven sections of genus Arachis studied by using SSR markers. In: BMC Plant Biology. 2010, Volume 10, Article 15, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2229-10-15 .
- A. Krapovickas, WC Gregory: Taxonomía del género Arachis (Leguminosae). In: Bonplandia. 8, 1994, pp. 1-186.
- JFM Valls, CE Simpson: New species of Arachis from Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. In: Bonplandia. Volume 14, 2005, pp. 35-64.
- Guillermo Seijo, Graciela I. Lavia, Aveliano Fernandez et al .: Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 94, Issue 12, 2007, pp. 1963–1971, doi : 10.3732 / ajb.94.12.1963 .
- Marcos A. Gimenes, Catalina R. Lopes, Jose FM Valls: Genetic relationships among Arachis species based on AFLP. In: Genetics and Molecular Biology , Volume 25, No. 3, São Paulo, 2002. doi : 10.1590 / S1415-47572002000300017 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ^ A b Arachis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Arachis entry at ILDIS = International Legume Database & Information Service .
- ↑ Data sheet Arachis pintoi ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at Tropical Forages .
Web links
- Mark Hyde & Bart Wursten: Entry in the Flora of Zimbabwe, 2009.
- Entry at biodiversityexplorer.org.