Dalbergieae

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Dalbergieae
Geoffroea decorticans

Geoffroea decorticans

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Dalbergieae
Scientific name
Dalbergieae
Bronn ex DC.

Dalbergieae is a tribe within the subfamily of Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Its approximately 1355 species are distributed almost worldwide, with the emphasis on the tropics .

description

Illustration from Aeschynomene elaphroxylon
Illustration of Geoffroea decorticans
Pulses of Machaerium hirtum

Appearance and leaves

These are annual to perennial herbaceous plants , half-shrubs , shrubs , trees or vines .

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is pinnate in pairs or unpaired. The rare only one or two, usually five to many couples pinna leaflet stand on the leaf rachis counter or another. Sometimes there is only one leaflet ( e.g. Inocarpus ). There are often stipules , but less often there are stipules of the leaflets.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand individually in the leaf axils or in several or many in lateral or terminal, very differently structured inflorescences . The bracts and bracts are small and quickly perishable or large and durable.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorph are fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The five sepals are fused. The corolla has the typical structure of the butterflies . The stamens of the nine or all ten stamens are fused together; there are also species in which five are fused together to form two bundles. The anthers are all the same or different. The only upper carpel contains one to a few ovules .

Fruits and seeds

The articulated or non-articulated, flattened to thin, straight to curved legumes can have wings. Sometimes the fruit is stone fruit-like (for example, Geoffroea , Inocarpus ). The spherical or kidney-shaped seeds have a small hilum . Sometimes the unopened legumes serve as diaspores and spread out by the wind.

Habit, leaves and flowers of Adesmia microphylla
Branch of Aeschynomene indica with pinnate leaves and legumes
Habitus, leaves and flowers of Amicia zygomeris
Flyable fruits of Centrolobium tomentosum
Inflorescence of Geissaspis cristata
Inocarpus fagifer foliage leaf and fruit
Foliage leaves and inflorescence of Pterocarpus santalinus

Systematics and distribution

The Tribus Dalbergieae was set up in 1825 by Heinrich Georg Bronn in Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle : Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis , 2, p. 414. The type genus is Dalbergia L. f. Synonyms for Dalbergieae Bronn ex DC. are: Adesmieae Polhill , Aeschynomeneae Rudd , Desmodieae subtribe Bryinae Ohashi, Polhill & Schubert .

The tribe Dalbergieae can be divided into three clades and contains about 49 genera with about 1355 species:

  • Adesmia clade:
    • Adesmia DC. : The 215 to 240 species are common in South America.
    • Amicia Kunth : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropics .
    • Chaetocalyx DC. : The approximately 13 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Nissolia Jacq. : The approximately 14 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Poiretia Vent. : The eleven species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Zornia J.F. Gmel. : The approximately 75 species are distributed almost in tropical to temperate areas. The center of biodiversity with 35 species is in South America.
  • Dalbergia clade:
    • Aeschynomene L .: The approximately 150 species occur almost worldwide in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Bryaspis P.A. Duvign . : The only two types are only common in West Africa.
    • Cyclocarpa Afzel. ex Urb. : It contains only one type:
    • Dalbergia L. f. ( Amerimnon P.Browne , Ecastaphyllum P.Browne , Hecastophyllum Kunth , Trioptolemea Mart. Ex Benth. ): It contains 100 to 120 or up to 300 species that occur almost worldwide in the tropics and subtropics. Most of the species are in the Palaeotropic with 60 to 70 species in Africa, 43 species in Madagascar , about 80 species in Asia, 33 of them in India and 44 in Indochina . Only two species reach Australia. There are 60 to 70 species in the Neotropic.
    • Diphysa Jacq. : The 15 to 18 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Geissaspis Wight & Arn. : The three or four species occur in tropical, southern Asia and Southeast Asia and also in Africa.
    • Humularia P.A. Duvign. : The 33 or so species are common in Africa.
    • Kotschya Endl. : The approximately 30 species are common in tropical Africa.
    • Machaerium Pers. : The 130 to 154 species are common in the Neotropic; one species is also found on the coasts of West Africa.
    • Ormocarpopsis R.Vig. : The six or so species are only found in Madagascar.
    • Ormocarpum P.Beauv. (Syn .: Diphaca Lour. ): The 20 or so species are common in the Paleotropic .
    • Peltiera Du Puy & Labat : There were two types in Madagascar:
    • Pictetia DC. : The eightor sospecies occur in the Greater Antilles in Cuba , Hispaniola as well as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands .
    • Smithia Aiton (Syn .: Damapana Adans. ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in the tropics of Asia and Africa.
    • Soemmeringia Mart. : It contains only one type:
    • Weberbauerella Ulbr. : The only two types occur in the Neotropic.
    • Zygocarpum Thulin & Lavin (sometimes in Ormocarpum ): The 20 or so species occur only in the Horn of Africa, at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula and on Socotra ,
  • Pterocarpus clade:
    • Acosmium Schott : The only three species occur in South America.
    • Peanuts ( Arachis L. ): The approximately 80 species are widespread in the Neotropic .
    • Brya P.Browne : The six or so species are only found on Caribbean islands . One species is a neophyte in some areas of the world.
    • Cascaronia Griseb. : It contains only one type:
    • Centrolobium Mart. ex Benth. : The seven or so species are common in South America.
    • Chapmannia Torr. & A.Gray : It contains only one type (maybe three types):
    • Cranocarpus Benth. : The only three species occur in Brazil.
    • Discolobium Benth. : There are about eight types.
    • Etaballia Benth. : It contains only one type:
    • Fiebrigiella Harms : It contains only one species:
    • Fissicalyx Benth. : It contains only one type:
      • Fissicalyx fendleri Benth. : It is native to Venezuela and maybe Guyana and Panama, it is a neophyte in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Roraima.
    • Geoffroea Jacq. : The only two species are widespread in South America and one of them is also found in the Galápagos Islands .
      • Geoffroea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart : From Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, central to northern Chile and Peru.
    • Grazielodendron H.C.Lima : It contains only one species:
    • Inocarpus J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The only two species come from Indonesia, Irian Jaya , Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Queensland, Kalimantan , Papua New Guinea, the Christmas Islands, Mauritius, Reunion, on the Bismarck Archipelago , Fiji, the Gilbert Islands , Marshall Islands, Niue , Northern Mariana Islands, Society Islands and the Moluccas before.
    • Maraniona C.E. Hughes et al. : It contains only one type:
      • Maraniona lavinii C.E. Hughes, GPLewis, Daza & Reynel : This endemic was newly described in 2004. It only thrives at altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 meters in dry deciduous tropical forests and thorn bush forests on steep rocky slopes above the Rio Marañon in northern Peru .
    • Paramachaerium Ducke : The approximately five species are distributed in the Amazon region in Peru, Brazil and the Guyanas and extend to Panama.
    • Platymiscium bird : There are about 19 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Platypodium bird : The only two species occur in the Neotropic.
    • Pterocarpus Jacq. : The approximately 35 (25 to 50) occur worldwide in the tropics.
    • Ramorinoa Speg. : It contains only one type:
    • Riedeliella Harms : The only three species occur in eastern and southeastern Brazil and Paraguay.
    • Stylosanthes Sw. : The approximately 25 species are distributed in the Neotropics and in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and Asia.
    • Tipuana (Benth.) Benth. : It contains only one type:
      • Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze : It only thrives in arid tropical forests in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina.
  • Some closely related genera, which were placed in the tribe Dalbergieae up to 2001, are about as closely related to the genera of the tribe Sophoreae as the tribe Dalbergieae and are therefore currently not classified in any tribe:
Freshly harvested peanut fruits

use

For example , the seeds of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) are eaten. The wood is used, for example, by species of the genera Dalbergia , Machaerium , Platymiscium and Pterocarpus .

swell

  • Matt Lavin, R. Toby Pennington, Bente B. Klitgård, Janet I. Sprent, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima & Peter E. Gasson: The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 88, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 503-33. Full text online.
  • Domingos Cardoso, R. Toby Pennington, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, JS Boatwright, B.-E. Van Wykd, MF Wojciechowskie & Matt Lavin: Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes , In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 89, 2013, pp. 58-75. doi: 10.1016 / j.sajb.2013.05.001
  • Domingos Cardoso, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Rodrigo Schütz Rodrigues, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, R. Toby Pennington & Matt Lavin: The realignment of Acosmium sensu stricto with the Dalbergioid clade (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) reveals a proneness for independent evolution of radial floral symmetry among early-branching papilionoid legumes , In: Taxon , Volume 61, Issue 5, 2012, pp. 1057-1073. Abstract.
  • Dezhao Chen, Prof. Dianxiang Zhang & Kai Larsen: Dalbergieae , pp. 121–130 and Ren Sa & Alfonso Delgado Salinas Aeschynomeneae , pp. 131–136 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 (sections description and systematics)
  • Robert Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomy of plants. Volume XIb-2 Leguminosae Part 3: Papilionoidae. Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-7643-5862-9 (Dalbergieae: Pages 116-160, limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Legumes of the World from Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, 2013 (Systematics section)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  2. ↑ Dalbergieae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 23, 2014.
  3. ^ A b Dalbergieae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  4. ↑ a b c d Dezhao Chen, Prof. Dianxiang Zhang & Kai Larsen: Dalbergieae , pp. 121–130 and Ren Sa & Alfonso Delgado Salinas Aeschynomeneae , pp. 131–136 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi , Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 10 - Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7
  5. ^ Mats Thulin, Matt Lavin: Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Ormocarpum Group (Fabaceae): A New Genus Zygocarpum from the Horn of Africa Region. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 26, Issue 2, 2001, pp. 299-317. JSTOR 2666709
  6. ↑ a b Colin E. Hughesad, Gwilym P. Lewisb, Aniceto Daza Yomonac & Carlos Reyne: Maraniona. A New Dalbergioid Legume Genus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 29, Issue 2, 2004, pp. 366-374. doi: 10.1600 / 036364404774195557

Web links

Commons : Dalbergieae  - collection of images, videos and audio files