Platymiscium
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Platymiscium is a genus in the subfamily of Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The 33or so species are widespreadin Central and South America, and some species are endemic . The wood is used locally in a variety of ways, especially for furniture, floors and musical instruments.
description
Appearance and bark
The Platymiscium species are mostly deciduous, medium-sized to large trees that reach heights of growth of 7 to 33 meters and trunk diameters of 5 to 120 centimeters. The smallest specimens were reported to be Platymiscium albertinae with maximum heights of 6 meters; the tallest specimens are in Platymiscium trinitatis , Platymiscium stipulare , Platymiscium pinnatum , Platymiscium darienense and Platymiscium dimorphandrum . In addition to trees, Platymiscium filipes also have climbing and shrubby growth forms . Especially in Platymiscium pinnatum there are buttress roots . The treetops are usually spread out and open, sometimes they are compact and round or inverted-conical.
The bark of young specimens is initially almost smooth to slightly furrowed. It can Lentizellen be present. A scaled bark develops from this .
leaves
A special feature within the family of legumes are by Platymiscium arranged opposite or in threefold Wirteln leaves . Opposite foliage leaves appear on adult specimens within this family only in a few other species, such as Caesalpinia oppositifolia and Taralea oppositifolia . In contrast, opposite leaves are not so rare in seedlings of the Dalbergiea tribe. Some of the species have trichomes in the leaf axils .
The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blades are pinnate unpaired . Only in the case of seedlings is the leaf reduced to a leaf. The leaves contain three to eleven leaflets , which are always opposite to the rhachis leaf. Only in the two species Platymiscium parviflorum and Platymiscium trifoliolatum are only three leaflets present; with all others there are more. The shape and size of the leaflets is different depending on the species, but also on an individual they are often very different from youth to flowering age. To determine the species, it is important whether the leaflets are thick and leathery or thin and membranous. The terminal leaflets can be much larger or the same size as the lateral leaflets. Depending on the species / subspecies, the undersides of the fully developed leaflets can be bald or hairy.
In some species there are collateral leaflets on the leaf thachis and in some there are tufts of hair in the axils of the leaflets, which are well transformed collateral leaflets and serve as food bodies.
Another special feature are the interpetiolar stipples , which within the Fabaceae only exist in the genus Platymiscium . The interpetiolar stipules are either only fused at their base and elongated (for example in Platymiscium pubescens ) or completely fused and then narrow-triangular (up to 25 millimeters long in Platymiscium stipulare ) to broadly ovoid.
Inflorescences and pedicels
Platymiscium species form lateral, sometimes in the youngest node of the branch and therefore terminal-looking, pendulous or upright, racemose inflorescences , which are usually simply or seldom grouped in composite paniculate overall inflorescences . If the inflorescences hang, then the flowers are turned (pseudoresupinate) so that the flag is down. Depending on the species, the inflorescences are single or few to a maximum of ten in the leaf axils. Depending on the species, the inflorescences contain 10 to 130 flowers, which are usually spirally, rarely irregular or even arranged in whorls on the inflorescence axis. Depending on the species, the inflorescence axes are glabrous or hairy ( indument ). The bracts and bracts are tiny to large and can fall off early or be durable. There is always a bract at the base of each flower stalk. At the upper end of each flower stalk there are always two opposite bracts. Depending on the species, the bracts and bracts are shaped differently from narrow-triangular ( Platymiscium filipes ) to egg-shaped ( Platymiscium pinnatum subsp. Polystachyum ), elongated ( Platymiscium gracile ), narrow-triangular or fused and hood-shaped in Platymiscium calyptratum ; they are broadly elongated with a pointed upper end in Platymiscium trifoliolatum or clearly spatulate in Platymiscium stipulare . The support and / or cover sheets can be durable after the anthesis .
The flowers are stalked or almost sessile. The flowers always bloom acropetally, i.e. from bottom to top of the inflorescence. In all species there are flower stalks, they are divided at the base of the calyx. In some species there are tufts of hair at the base of the flower stalk that act as food bodies.
blossoms
The mostly fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The blooms are 5 to 18 millimeters long, whereby one the kinds roughly into a group with blooms, the small than 10 millimeters and one with those, which are bigger than 10 millimeters. There is a short flower cup (hypanthium) in which nectar is secreted from the nectaries .
The five mostly green sepals are fused to different degrees, the two upper ones being more fused than the three lower ones. The calyx is stable and glabrous or bald to delicate and hairy. The five calyx teeth are usually ciliate at their edges. In Platymiscium hebestachyumis , the calyx is usually bald on the outside and hairy on the inside.
The five petals are arranged in the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The colors of the petals range from light yellow ( Platymiscium pubescens ) to dark orange ( Platymiscium speciosum ). In most species the flag has a basal or central maroon or red patch-shaped sap mark ; it is only absent in Platymiscium curuense , Platymiscium jejunum and Platymiscium yucatanum . Usually the flag is bent back in front of the anthesis to present the juice mark. In all Platymiscium species, the two wings are free from the shuttle. The wings form a structure that can be described as a landing platform for the pollinating bees. The two petals that make up the boat are fused halfway along the lower edge; the free area is sometimes ciliated at the bottom.
All ten stamens are fused together; sometimes a stamen is free almost to the base, but never completely free. The anthers are the same length in all South American species, but in seven Central American and Mexican species long anthers alternate with short anthers.
The pollen grains Platymiscium species are tricolporate and relatively small at 16 to 17 × 15 to 16 µm. The exine is evenly structured like a network.
The stalked, single carpel is on top. The carpels can be bald or hairy; or they are only hairy at the seam. Each carpel usually contains only one ovule . The somewhat sickle-shaped stylus ends in a small undifferentiated scar.
Fruits and seeds
The size of the fruit varies depending on the species, while the smallest of Platymiscium yucatanum is about 4 centimeters long and 1.25 centimeters wide, the largest of Platymiscium dariense reaches a length of about 18 centimeters and a width of about 8 centimeters. The fruit ( samara ) is winged. The only seed of the Platymiscium fruit is located in the center of an exocarp. The parchment-like and dull to hard and shiny Exocarp is narrow to broadly elliptical or egg-shaped. However, the Samara of the two species Platymiscium pubescens and Platymiscium filipes are kidney-shaped, sickle-shaped. When the fruit is ripe, the samara of most species are bald, but in a few species they remain hairy.
The seed is kidney-shaped with a length of up to 3 centimeters and a diameter of 1.5 centimeters. The seed coat (testa) is thin and parchment-like.
Phenology
The flowering time of all Platymiscium species is usually at the end of the dry season . Each specimen blooms for 10 to 15 days. Some herbarium records state that the trees are rich in bloom or that blooming specimens are a beautiful sight from a distance.
In the dry season, leaves fall about 14 days before flowering. At around the same time, the fruits are spread by the wind. The fruits can be seen about two months after fertilization ; the fruit ripens five to six months later. The seeds enlarge late during fruit development. Most species produce new leaves during the flowering period; only Platymiscium trifoliolatum , Platymiscium hebestachyum and Platymiscium jejunum bloom while the leaves are fully developed. Variations and overlaps in phenology are not uncommon within a population .
ecology
Platymiscium species are phanerophytes .
Platymiscium is one of the few genera of the Fabaceae that has a community with ants. Some species of the genus Platymiscium are associated with ants ( Myrmekophylaxis ). The plants offer the ants habitat in hollow internodes and, in a few species, branches. Some Platymiscium species may also provide food. Ant species can be aggressive, but some are not. In return, the ants protect Platymiscium species from predators, for example. Myrmekophytes are Platymiscium trinitatis , Platymiscium filipes , Platymiscium floribundum , Platymiscium speciosum , Platymiscium pinnatum , Platymiscium gracile , Platymiscium darienense and Platymiscium dimorphandrum , of which only in Platymiscium trinitatis the internodes are not hollow. Myrmecophilic Platymiscium species probably mostly have food bodies. Since the ants collect the fodder bodies from the young leaflets, they can easily be overlooked, especially with herbarium material . Food bodies in the three species Platymiscium stipulare , Platymiscium gracile and Platymiscium darienense were not found, although they are associated with ants. Several possible interactions of Platymiscium species with ants are suspected : nesting sites, protection against predators and food.
The pollination occurs probably by bees because the flowers, those of other species of bees pollinated the Fabaceae family are similar. The anthesis of the strongly fragrant flowers lies during the day . Nectar is produced in the wall of the flower cup . The juice mark on the flag is used for orientation by the pollinators and the wings are used as a loading area. There are reports of some Platymiscium species that several species of bees (Apiformes) from different genera ( e.g. Bombus , Centris , Xylocopa ) visit the flowers. On Platymiscium pubescens subsp. pubescens in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, the honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) foraging on the flowers have been observed. Overall, however, there is little information available about pollinators.
The spread of diasporas done anemochor to the wings fruits ( Samara ).
Locations
Depending on the species, the habitats are in dry or rain forests .
Systematics and distribution
The genus Platymiscium belongs to the tribe Dalbergieae in the subfamily Faboideae within the family Fabaceae .
The genus Platymiscium was established in 1837 by Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel . In 1959, Platymiscium floribundum Vogel was specified as the lectotype species by Richard Sumner Cowan in Taxon , Volume 8, p. 59. The only taxonomic revision of the genus Platymiscium was carried out by Klitgaard in 2005.
The genus Platymiscium is widespread in the Neotropics . The northernmost natural occurrences are in northern Mexico 30 ° north latitude and the southern border is the southern Brazil 30 ° south latitude. Centers of biodiversity are Mexico and eastern Brazil. Many of the species only occur in a very limited area and are therefore endemic.
According to ILDIS (2010) there are about 33 species within the genus Platymiscium :
- Platymiscium albertinae Standl. & LOWilliams : It occurs in Honduras .
- Platymiscium blanchetii Benth. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia .
- Platymiscium cochabambense Rusby : It occurs in Bolivia .
- Platymiscium cordatum Deaf.
- Platymiscium darienense Dwyer : It occurs in Panama .
- Platymiscium diadelphum S.F.Blake : It occurs in Venezuela .
- Platymiscium dichotomum Benth.
- Platymiscium dimorphandrum Donn.Sm. : It is distributed in Central America from Mexico via Guatemala , Belize , El Salvador , Honduras to Nicaragua and Costa Rica .
- Platymiscium ellipticum Rusby : It occurs in Bolivia.
- Platymiscium filipes Benth. : It occurs in Brazil and French Guiana .
- Platymiscium floribundum bird : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Platymiscium fragrans Rusby : It occurs in Bolivia.
- Platymiscium gracile Benth. : It occurs in Peru .
- Platymiscium hebestachyum Benth. : It occurs in Colombia .
- Platymiscium lasiocarpum Sandwith : It occurs in Mexico.
- Platymiscium latifolium Benth.
- Platymiscium luteum Benth.
- Platymiscium nitens bird : It occurs in Brazil.
- Platymiscium obtusifolium Harms : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Platymiscium parviflorum Benth. : It occurs from Guatemala via Costa Rica to Nicaragua.
- Platymiscium piliferum deaf.
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Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand : There are two subspecies:
- Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand subsp. pinnatum : It occurs in Trinidad and Tobago , Central America (Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama), Venezuela and Colombia.
- Platymiscium pinnatum subsp. polystachyum (Benth.) Klitg.
- Platymiscium pleiostachyum Donn.Sm. : It occurs in Costa Rica.
- Platymiscium praecox Benth. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Platymiscium pubescens Micheli : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
- Platymiscium speciosum bird
- Platymiscium stipulare Benth. : It occurs in Peru.
- Platymiscium trifoliolatum Benth. : It occurs in Mexico.
- Platymiscium trinitatis Benth. (Syn .: Platymiscium duckei Huber , Platymiscium duckei var. Nigrum (Ducke) Ducke , Platymiscium nigrum Ducke ): It is widespread in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Para, in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela.
- Platymiscium ulei Harms (Syn .: Platymiscium paraense Huber ): It occurs in Brazil and Surinam .
- Platymiscium urophyllum Harms
- Platymiscium yucatanum Standl. : It occurs from Mexico to Belize.
- Platymiscium zehntneri Harms : It occurs in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
use
Wood properties
The heartwood of the Platymiscium species is reddish to brown in color, sometimes with darker stripes. The sapwood is light and clearly separated from the heartwood. Anatomically , the wood is structured with dispersed pores and has narrow rays . The axial parenchyma occurs in marginal ligaments and paratracheally (in the case of the vessels) in aliform (eye-shaped) or confluent (wavy) form.
Timber use and trade
The wood of Platymiscium species is used in a variety of ways, especially in the area of origin, the Neotropic, and some species are considered to be important economic tree species in their regions of origin . B. Hormigo, Granadillo wood, Platymiscium spp. ; P. lasiocarpum , P. yucatanum , P. pleiostachyum , P. pinnatum , P. dimorphandrum , P. pinnatum , P. trinitatis , P. ulei . Other well-known trade names are Cristobal, Macacauba and Ñambar.
The attractive coloring of the heartwood makes it popular for carving, among other things. A special use is as tonewood for musical instruments. For example, the keys of marimbas are made from it. It is also used for furniture, floors or as permanent construction wood in house construction.
Washington Convention on Endangered Species
A species of the genus Platymiscium also falls under the protection of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species . Platymiscium pleiostachyum has been listed in Annex II since 1990, so it can only be traded under certain conditions.
swell
Web links
- Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Platymiscium in the IUCN 2015-4Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- Illustrations at plantillustrations.org .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Bente B. Klitgaard: Platymiscium ( Leguminosae: Dalbergieae): Biogeography Systematics, Morphology, Taxonomy and Uses. In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 60, Issue 3, 2005, pp. 321-400. JSTOR 4111062 .
- ↑ a b Q. Jiménez Madrigal: Árboles maderables en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San José, Costa Rica: INCAFO, 1995.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bente B. Klitgaard: Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ A b c Platymiscium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
- ↑ a b c Charilaos Saslis-Lagoudakis, Mark W. Chase, Daniel N. Robinson, Stephen J. Russell, Bente B. Klitgaard: Phylogenetics of neotropical Platymiscium (Leguminosae: Dalbergieae): systematics, divergence times, and biogeography inferred from nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 95, Issue 10 2008, pp. 1270-1286. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.0800101 .
- ↑ Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel : Linnaea. Volume 11, 1837, pp. 198-199, scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Platymiscium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 7, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa data sheet at World Database of Legumes - International Legume Database Information Service = ILDIS, Version 10.38 from July 20, 2010 . Accessed on: 19 December 2015
- ↑ HG Richter, K. Gembruch, G. Koch, 2014 onwards: CITESwoodID: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, and Spanish. from delta-intkey.com , version dated May 16, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ↑ a b List of the types of wood protected in CITES and Regulation (EG) 338/97 . As of June 4, 2014 (CITES), (EU). Bonn: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation = BfN, (PDF; 181 kB), 2015. Accessed on: November 14, 2016.