Intersex

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gender symbol for intersex
Intersex flag (Morgan Carpenter, 2013)

In summary, intersexuality or intersex denotes very different clinical phenomena with different biological causes, such as deviations in the sex chromosomes or genetically caused hormonal developmental disorders. The intersex is the so-called "disorders of sex development" attributed ( english disorders of sex development: DSD). However, DSD also includes cases that are not noticeable with an ambiguous genitalia at birth. In the specialist literature, the frequency of ambiguous genitals at birth is estimated at around 1: 4500 to 5500, others estimate the number of intersex people in Germany to be around 0.2% of the population or 0.007% of newborns. From the recent opportunity to since December 22, 2018 possible gender entry " divers " to register, was loud projected entries of registry offices in Germany until May 2019 about 150 cases made use (0.00019% of the population), which is equivalent to an estimate of 150 intersex newborns a year.

The ICD-10-GM-2018 of the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI) names in Chapter XVII (congenital malformations, deformities and chromosomal anomalies) also congenital malformations of the genital organs, in particular an indeterminate gender and pseudohermaphroditism .

Affected people mostly reject the pathologizing medical term of disorder and describe themselves as intersex people , intersex, intersex people . Since 2015, the German Medical Association has also been speaking of "variants / disorders of gender development" in order to avoid pathologization that is discriminatory from the point of view of those affected. The spelling inter * is also used , whereby the asterisk * stands for the named and other possible self-designations. Sometimes there is also the term third gender , which is not accepted by everyone, however. In the English-speaking world, it can also be observed that intersex people are increasingly using the historical term “ hermaphrodite ” as a self-designation, especially as a response to the forced “disturbance” , even creatively rhyming with “human rights”. The newsletter of the now defunct ISNA called himself Hermaphrodites with Attitude ( hermaphrodites with attitude ).

Concept history

How the terms "intersex" / "intersexuality" were coined

The term intersexuality was coined in 1915 by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt . It is made up of the Latin prefix inter- for 'between' and the Latin sexus for 'gender' and means (physical) ' intersex ', a term that has been used since the 1920s / 1930s at the latest. Goldschmidt referred to gender manifestations, which he viewed as mixtures between ideal male and female phenotypes. He explained this through a special genetic theory that assumes a precarious balance between determiners of masculinity and femininity . Goldschmidt's theory was cited in German medical literature well into the 1950s, even if the term intersexuality was used in different meanings. Later medical intersex nomenclatures mixed a classification based on chromosomes with the older classification based on the gonads, which was based on three categories: hermaphroditism , female and male pseudo- hermaphroditism . In October 2005 , a consensus conference of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) took place in Chicago , USA, at which a Consensus Statement on management of intersex disorders was adopted. This is recommended, instead of the previous terms intersexuality or hermaphroditism the term disorder of sex development (Disorders of sex development, DSD) to use. Affected organizations such as the International Association of Intersex People (IVIM) (the German section of the global network Organization Intersex International (OII)) and the Association of Intersexual People criticize the term DSD as pathologizing and sexist.

Biological and medical aspects

Difference to transgender and transsexuality

The definition of intersexuality must be distinguished from “ transgender ” and “ transsexuality ”:

  • Transgender are people who feel wrong or insufficiently described with their assigned gender or who fundamentally reject any form of gender assignment or categorization. Some intersex people are transgender . While in some organizations and alliances transgender and intersex people work together because many similarities are seen, other intersex people reject any cooperation with transgender people.
  • Transsexual people have so far been clearly defined biologically by medicine, but feel they belong to the other binary gender than the one assigned at birth. For the medical diagnosis of "transsexuality", intersexuality is therefore formally an exclusion criterion in the ICD-10 . With the DSM V and the term “gender dysphoria” this changed and transsexuality (DSD) was included in the book of mental disorders. In the ICD-10, after the last update on November 1, 2019, it is still listed as "transsexualism" under personality and behavioral disorders, gender identity disorders. In the draft of the “ICD-11” version, it is included as “gender incongruence” (HA60) instead of as a personality disorder under Conditions related to Sexual Health ; ICD-11 is expected to come into force in 2022.

The diagnosis of "intersexuality" can only be made through several examinations, including a chromosome analysis ( karyogram ). Nevertheless, it happens again and again that intersex people who change their gender role do not even find out that they are actually intersex and are therefore treated medically and according to the Transsexual Act (TSG) as "transsexual" persons.

causes

Ambiguity of the sex of the body is biologically possible because the sex organs in the female and male embryo arise from the same facilities (sex organs). The following variations can occur in physical development:

  • Chromosomal variations: Instead of the most common karyotypes 46, XX ( female ) and 46, XY ( male ), there are also variants 45, X, known as Turner syndrome with a female phenotype , and 47, XXY, the Klinefelter syndrome with male phenotype, as well as mosaics mos45, X / 46, XX, mos45, X / 46, XY and the chimerism chi46, XX / 46, XY. The chromosomal gender is the basis of all other gender expressions.
  • Gonadal variations: lack of development ( agonadism ); Formation wholly or partially into so-called striped gonads (non-developed or only partially developed gonadal dysgenesis ); ovarian and testicular tissue in either the same ( Ovotestes ) or separate gonads (true hermaphroditism / hermaphroditism verus) .
  • Hormonal variations: abnormal serum levels of sex hormones and their precursors, sometimes with consequences such as gynecomastia (breast development in men) or hirsutism (very thick body hair) in women, but sometimes also affecting sexual differentiation as a whole. This can have different causes (chromosomal, gonadal and nephrological variants, enzyme defects).
  • Anatomical variations: From gender peculiarities with unspecific causes to more culturally conditioned assessments (based on social gender) such as "too small" penis or "too large" clitoris, a great number of variations are known.

Many intersex “ syndromes ” do not consist of a single detectable variation, but arise from the interaction of several factors, for example in the case of androgen receptor defects (AIS, androgen resistance ). A distinction must be made here between complete androgen resistance or complete AIS (CAIS, from complete AIS), partial androgen resistance or partial AIS (PAIS) and minimal androgen resistance or minimal AIS (MAIS). With complete androgen resistance (CAIS), for example, a fetus with XY chromosomes will develop testes that can remain in the body. The receptors for testosterone are missing, however, so that a "feminine-looking" external genital (albeit without female internal organs) develops; the gender of the parents is then mostly female. In contrast to PAIS, intersex people with CAIS are often only recognized during puberty. With less pronounced resistance, according to the medical dictionary Pschyrembel Sexuality Dictionary , the male sexual organs ( hypospadias , cryptorchidism , azoospermia ) and physical feminization (e.g. gynecomastia, see Reifenstein syndrome ) are different .

In an XY-chromosomal person with Swyer syndrome due to the deletion of the SRY gene , the vagina and uterus are also formed, but tissue samples do not contain any Barr bodies ( sex chromatin ) that can be found in every XX-linked woman. In the case of an XY-linked Swyer syndrome, one can speak of a male vagina and a male uterus. People with Swyer syndrome often only become noticeable during puberty.

In an XY-chromosomal child with a genetically determined 5α-reductase deficiency , a conversion of testosterone into the biologically much more active form of dihydrotestosterone in the cell cells of the urogenital sinus and genital tubercle is not possible to a sufficient extent. Therefore, in this case, the male embryo does not completely differentiate between the sexes. This child looks like a girl when it is born because the primary sexual characteristics look more like a vulva . At the onset of puberty, the body produces a significantly increased amount of testosterone and sometimes some dihydrotestosterone. As a result, the hitherto ambiguous to slightly enlarged clitoris is transformed into a rather small male penis , with a malformation of the urethra , the so-called hypospadias, occurring more frequently. The poorly developed prostate now usually increases in volume, but remains underdeveloped. The testicles previously located in the abdomen often descend into the scrotum that is forming . This development can sometimes lead to full fertility even without medical help.

Also to be considered is the presence of a prostate in almost all XY-linked people with intersex syndromes.

frequency

Intersexuality is not a medical diagnosis, but a general term for very different clinical phenomena with different biological causes, such as deviations in the sex chromosomes, genetic or drug-induced hormonal development disorders that are not caused by sex chromosomes, and accidents. Exact epidemiological data on intersex children and adults in Germany do not currently exist; there are only estimates. The malformation monitoring in Saxony-Anhalt indicates an order of magnitude of 0.5 to 1 per 1000 children. The Federal Constitutional Court leads to a decision in 2017 as an example, the estimate 1: 500 from the clinical dictionary of Pschyrembel at (edition of 2014). The largest group includes people with an adrenogenital syndrome (AGS, CAH for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia) with an incidence of about 1: 4000 to 1: 9000 births.

In order to rule out intersexuality, a detailed physical examination including chromosome analysis ( karyogram ) is necessary . The social scientist Heinz-Jürgen Voss criticizes the fact that many factors have an effect on gender development and that gender is individual and varied. Assignments to intersexuality and "Disorders of Sex Development" (DSD) would be pathologized from the position of normative two- gender order .

Medical gender reassignment or determination

“They should never be told ...” (German: “They should never be told ...”)
Internationally published treatment recommendations for androgen resistance from Switzerland, 1963.

From the 1960s already in the neonatal period were in children with ambiguous sex determinable often gender reassignment surgeries performed. This included, for example, creating a neovagina , reducing the size of the genitals to an unambiguous, mostly female size (especially clitoris reduction ) and removing any testicles, the latter usually followed by contra- chromosomal hormone replacement therapy.

These interventions were mostly carried out without the effective consent of the parents, in particular without adequate information about the risks associated with these interventions and medically necessary follow-up treatments, and often without compelling medical indication. This contradicted the importance of these measures as irreversible interventions in the core area of ​​personal identity and physical integrity . Others, whose intersexuality was only recognized in adulthood - such as with Lucie Veith - were stolen from the newly discovered diversity by an operation. They later denounce the injuries inflicted on them just to maintain the male-female dichotomy and see themselves as forcibly transsexualized or castrated.

In a statement from the German Ethics Council in 2012 , the German Ethics Council stated that the situation of intersex people is characterized to a large extent by experiences of suffering, disregard on the part of medicine, a lack of sensitivity in the social environment, administrative and bureaucratic obstacles and widespread social ignorance of the realities of life. For a legal assessment, he shows that, according to the Prussian General Land Law of 1794 , parents initially determined the gender of the child in the event of ambiguity. At the age of 18, however, a hermaphrodite had the right to freely choose his own gender (so-called hermaphrodite paragraph ). With the introduction of civil status law at the end of the 19th century, the electoral law became an ex officio allocation to the categories “male” and “female”. The reason: Because it was proven that “self-fertilization is impossible […] the occurrence of true hermaphrodites in humans has been directly denied by most researchers, and accordingly the legal paragraphs previously used for questions relating to hermaphrodites were introduced in German legislation from 1900 onwards completely deleted. "

In contrast, several cultures abroad allow a further gender category (for example in India, Brazil, Kosovo, North America and Indonesia). In Australia in 2011 a third gender category (X for “undetermined”) was introduced in the passport. In Belgium, after the birth of a child, gender can be entered as indeterminate. In Germany, since the revision of the Personal Status Act in 2009, it can be waived on request to include gender in the birth certificate (Section 59 (2) PStG).

Subsequently, a resolution recommendation by the Interior Committee of the German Bundestag provided for a further amendment to the civil status law, which addressed the issue of "intersexuality" and made it clear that the gender information in the birth entry can remain open if it is not unequivocally established. A corresponding new regulation in Section 22 (3) PStG has been in force since November 1, 2013. Since December 22nd, 2018, in addition to leaving the gender entry open, the indication " diverse " can also be selected.

Since then, in any case, medically unjustified measures for genital alignment shortly after birth have become superfluous. Depending on the specific need for treatment in the individual case, an individual, balanced therapy should take place that not only integrates anatomical and physiological, but also psychological, psychosocial and legal aspects. Indication and therapy require an interdisciplinary team. A guideline of the Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine from 2011 takes this into account by judging surgical interventions in infants with more caution. Nevertheless, there was no significant decline in sex-normalizing operations on newborns in the years that followed.

On May 22, 2021, a general ban on genital adjustments for intersex children who are incapable of giving consent came into force in Germany ( see below ).

Social Aspects in Western Cultures

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

In modern western cultures, the way people deal with intersexuality was (and is in some cases still today) shaped by two central assumptions: On the one hand, it has been known since the end of the 19th century that people are practically never hermaphrodites. According to Hugh H. Young's medical definition, hermaphrodites require microscopic detection of both ovarian tissue and testicular tissue in the same body. By 1959, however, only 90 such cases had been counted in the scientific literature, and each new case is a sensation. All other intersex people have been declared pseudo-hermaphrodites ("false hermaphrodites") for 150 years . However, there is a serious prejudice in the prefix 'Schein-' alone, which is why Goldschmidt replaced the stigmatizing word 'false hermaphrodite' with the new term 'intersexuality' from zoology as early as 1916. Goldschmidt shared Magnus Hirschfeld's view that atypical sexuality is biologically based. In addition, there was and is the assumption that it is in the interests of intersex people to adapt their bodies to a “real” gender; This is usually justified with the gender assignment and otherwise lack of social acceptance. In practice, gender determination is also required in many everyday situations (forms for business deals, memberships, etc.) or for bureaucratic reasons ( civil status , manifested in ID cards, for example).

Due to the gender definition they advocate, parents usually consciously exert particularly strong pressure on their intersex children to behave according to the assigned gender. The diagnoses of the frequent medical examinations are often routinely withheld from the children, sometimes into adulthood for reasons of shame.

Many intersex people, transgender people and some critical scientists argue, however, that the idea of ​​exactly two clearly distinguishable genders (see heteronormativity ) is wrong. They are of the opinion that the commitment to one of the two opposite sexes is often doubtful and can lead to severe physical and psychological impairments. As a rule, it is a matter of a request from the environment created by social pressure and not a need of the persons concerned themselves. The corresponding educational measures are rejected because they lead to excessive pressure in the children and, due to the concealment of the background, the increased mental confusion.

The theory of sexologist John Money from 1955 that people with a ' birth-defective genitals ' would take on the social role assigned to them is also criticized from an intersex point of view . That is why Money also coined the term ' gender ' because intersex people are genderless. The gender determination, actually an arbitrary gender determination, has even been declared a medical emergency ( clinical emergency ) in specialist literature . Since the corresponding medical interventions were often carried out in infancy and toddlerhood, the most important factor for those concerned, namely their psychosocial "gender identity", is not taken into account. Instead, according to the critics, the decision-making often ranges from subjective arbitrariness (parents often want a male assignment in even the most implausible cases, but only because of the ambiguous genitals has been assigned mostly female for fifty years) over medical feasibility (John P. Gearhart's cynical: " It is easier to make a hole than to build a stake ”) up to the ambition of the medical professionals (“ urologists like to do handicrafts for boys ”). Evidence for the cultural-historical influence in determining gender is that male assignments were made in three quarters of all cases in the second half of the 20th century.

The tabooing of intersexuality has also been criticized. The motto “Don't tell anyone else!” Puts a lot of social pressure on those affected.

Some intersexual people use the terms “hermaphrodite” or “hermaphrodite” in their efforts to gain social acceptance, as the term “intersexual person” is little known and for them only represents a medical category that they are extremely critical of face.

Swiss development

The Swiss National Ethics Commission in Human Medicine (NEK-CNE) had already spoken out in 2012 in favor of replacing the terms hermaphrodite, intersexual or similar with “variants of gender development” or “gender variants”. This suggestion was made on the grounds of de- sexualization of the topic in the interest of an informal and normalized dealings with people who are born with gender variants.

In 2020, the NEK-CNE issued an opinion on the ethical consideration for dealing with the gender entry in the civil status register , which summarizes:

“The NEK-CNE is of the opinion that the current regulation and practice of official gender registration is unsatisfactory. It does not take sufficient account of the diversity of gender identities and ignores the fundamental interests of people with non-binary gender identities as well as of transgender and intersex people. This results in serious restrictions for those affected, which affect their self-determination, the free choice of lifestyle, but also the protection against discrimination .
The Commission comes to the conclusion that each of the discussed options is preferable to the current regulation [...] "

Discussed are the possibilities of leaving the gender entry open (see third gender option in the German Civil Status Act from 2013 ), the complete waiver of any official gender registration (see postgenderism ), the option of an entry “X” or a “ diverse ” entry that has been introduced in Germany . Any medical prerequisites for choosing one's own gender entry should be waived. The federal government should introduce a third entry option and, in the medium term, even examine whether a gender entry is completely dispensed with. At the end of 2020, the National Council and the Council of States decided that to change the male / female gender entry, it should be sufficient to go to the registry office , where the change will be entered immediately ( CHF 75  fee).

Legal aspects

This article or paragraph describes the situation in Germany . Help me to describe the situation in other countries.

Since the end of the 19th century, only “male” or “female” could be entered in the birth register in Germany. There was increasing criticism that this compulsion discriminated against the intersex minority . In February 2012, the German Ethics Council proposed to the German Bundestag “that intersex people can also choose the entry 'other'”. The council assessed a compulsion to define “male” or “female” as an “unjustifiable interference with personal rights and the right to equal treatment”.

On May 7, 2013, the Bundestag passed an amendment to the Civil Status Act . Since November 1, 2013, the newly inserted Section 22 (3) PStG has read: If the child cannot be assigned to either the male or female gender, the civil status case must be entered in the birth register without such information. However, the law did not allow an intersex person to be entered in the birth register as “inter” or “diverse”. On October 10, 2017, however, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that it violated the privacy rights of intersex people if they were not allowed to be listed as “inter”, “diverse” or any other positive designation in the birth register. It gave the legislature until the end of 2018 to create a new regulation that would allow such an entry. On August 15, 2018, the federal government submitted a draft corresponding to the judgment. "The draft law provides that the registrar can enter the information ' diverse ' in addition to the variants already provided ." Since December 22, 2018, the gender "diverse" has been in the Civil Status Act .

A draft law, which provides for a general ban on operations in children who are unable to give consent and with variants of gender development, was largely passed unchanged in the Bundestag on March 25, 2021. According to a report in the Deutsches Ärzteblatt , the law is intended to strengthen the self-determined decision-making of children and adolescents and avoid possible damage to their health. An operative change in gender characteristics should then only be carried out - even with the consent of the parents - if the intervention cannot be postponed until the child has made a self-determined decision. The majority of legal scholars and psychologists consulted support the approach. The Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists also requires the mandatory participation of an intersex counselor in the assessment before a possible intervention. The draft and the law that was finally passed were sharply criticized by the organization Intersex International (OII) Germany because they provide too many exceptions and do not adequately protect intersex children and young people from gender reassignment interventions. The law came into force on May 22, 2021.

Cultural aspects

The idea that a strict division of all people into two genders (e.g. Adam and Eve ) does not do justice to the naturally existing conditions is not new. In some cultures and religions, intersex people (often together with transgender people) are considered to be members of a third gender , such as the Two-Spirit of many North American Indian tribes , Indian Hijras , the Chanith Oman , the sworn virgins of Albania, the Fa'afine Samoas or Thai Kathoeys .

In many Native American tribes as well as among the indigenous people around the Arctic Circle, they assume the position of shaman. Because they united both sexes in themselves, they would have a more direct connection to the sexless divine. Intersex and transgender people are ascribed the potential of supernatural perception, they are responsible for healing and rituals. The supernatural perception often serves the exclusion from the "normal society".

In ancient Greek mythology, the seer Teiresias was first a man, then a woman, and then a man again.

Intersex deities can be found among other things in the Buddhist and Hindu high cultures. In Shaivism and Shaktism (two mirror-image main denominations of the Sanatana Dharma ), divinity is generally thought of as masculine * feminine / feminine * masculine. Shiva & Shakti are the inseparable components of the universe and together form a principle. At least 500 million people follow this concept. The weighting of the male / female is different: The Shaivas relate somewhat more to the incorporeal dynamic (Shiva), the Shaktas more to the meaning of the primordial materiality (Shakti). According to this concept, both poles are powerless on their own. Without Shakti, Shiva is incorporeal, amaterial (Shava). Shakti, on the other hand, is motionless without Shiva. Together they form the cyclically transforming cosmos. In the figure of the * des Ardhanarishvara they find a particularly clear conceptual union. This is graphically represented in the sacred yantra icon of Shatkona, which connects the Shiva and Shaktia aspects in two interlocking triangles (Trikonas) in a hexagram (Shatkona). Shiva and Shakti generally contain each other. Also known is Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara , deity of compassion (Japanese Kannon ). Here, too, the transcending of gender boundaries is interpreted as a spiritual overcoming of duality.

In Christian, patriarchal societies, on the other hand, reference is often made to the Bible. According to the creation story, God created humans exclusively as men and women. This is why intersex people were repeatedly forced to adapt to one of these two genders. In 1999 the intersex theologian Sally Gross pointed out with reference to two biblical passages ( Gen 1,27  GNB and Num 5,3  GNB ) that - according to the letter - the grammar of these texts could indicate more than two genders. Gross also referred to some Talmudic glosses that are anecdotal in character.

Some intersex people with a desire for religion or esotericism - as well as gays, lesbians and transgender people - have turned their backs on Christian culture due to its lack of acceptance.

Historical aspects

The spectrum of historically documented dealings with intersex people up to the early modern period ranges from worship to homicides . The assimilation of hermaphrodites or hermaphrodites, as intersex people were usually called before the introduction of this term, into the two genders "man" and "woman" acquired a completely new quality with modern medicine.

Until the end of the 19th century, the general land law in Prussia left hermaphrodites free to choose either the male or the female sex from the age of 18. Until then, the parents could decide “what gender they should be brought up to”. However, if his rights were dependent on the gender of an "alleged hermaphrodite" (among other things due to the different rights of the sexes, for example in the case of inheritance), a third party could request an expert opinion, who could also decide against the choice of the hermaphrodite or his parents . From the second half of the 19th century, however, medical professionals increasingly claimed to be able to use arbitrary criteria that changed over time to determine the “true” gender of “pseudo” hermaphrodites regardless of their will; with often traumatic consequences for those suddenly reassigned to the opposite sex. This can be seen in the autobiography (early 19th century) and the suicide of Herculine Barbin , among other things . In other “cases”, however, numerous medical professionals refrained from assigning a gender based on the sex glands. Often no surgery was performed to determine suspected gonadal tissue inside the body, as such operations were dangerous. However, patients of a certain age also influenced the diagnosis themselves.

Early 20th century were "pseudo" -Hermaphroditen beyond as "deformed" and "sick" classified . Her genitals were often photographed by doctors and put on public display.

There was a slightly better picture after the introduction of the term “intersexuality” temporarily in the Weimar Republic . As Hans Naujoks makes clear, the German medical profession had an extremely positive attitude towards intersex people, and until 1930, of course in line with the state of research, developed relatively highly complex surgical techniques that also included hormone therapy .

In contrast to the post-war period, the psychosocial gender of the patient was decisive for German doctors before the Nazi era. In particular, out of respect for the well-being of the child, not because of a lack of opportunities, it was deliberately refrained from imposing a body on children in which they would become unhappy. Between the lines, Naujoks even seems to admit that German doctors also treated transsexual people and manipulated the diagnosis against the authorities .

The National Socialist dictatorship in Germany was a particularly severe setback for intersex people, right up to the present day. The leading racial hygienist Fritz Lenz called for intersex research on twins in 1936 , and by that he meant children. The German Hugo Höllenreiner, who survived the Auschwitz extermination camp as an ethnic Sinti , reported how he was injured in the genital area by camp doctor and war criminal Josef Mengele as a nine-year-old boy during attempts at sex reassignment surgery. Höllenreiner's description suggests brutal attempts to create a neo-vagina on the child.

From the 1950s onwards, medicine also put its “healing interest” into practice. It was then that the American doctor and psychiatrist John Money began experimenting with early childhood surgeries on intersex people. The aim at that time was to remedy the lack of gender clarity by means of massive surgical and hormonal interventions by the age of two at the latest. Money's recommendation to simply select the future gender of the child based on feasibility ultimately established itself as an international standard for forty years. However, since the mid-1990s, this standard has been increasingly called into question both by the protests of intersex people and by the criticism of renowned medical professionals such as Milton Diamond (see also David Reimer ).

Despite increasing criticism, a study by the German representation of the International Union of Intersex People showed: "For the period from 2005 to 2014, there was no decline in“ feminizing ”and“ masculinizing ”genital operations in childhood."

Current aspects

In 2008 and 2010 a national non-governmental organization reported the non-fulfillment of ratified rights of intersex people in " shadow reports " to the United Nations in the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) Brought negotiation.

The German Ethics Council has been dealing with the situation of intersex people since 2010 and published a statement on behalf of the Federal Government in 2012. The Council took the view that intersex people, as part of social diversity, should expect respect and support from society. At the same time, they must be protected from undesirable medical developments and discrimination.

The law to amend the Eighth Social Code (SGB VIII) passed by the German Bundesrat on May 7, 2021 contains - for the first time in a legal text of this meaning - in Section 9 Basic Direction of Education, Equal Rights for Young People in the 3rd paragraph the mention of "transident, non-binary and intersex "persons:

"When designing the services and fulfilling the tasks, [...]

3. To take into account the different life situations of girls, boys as well as transident , non-binary and intersex young people, to reduce disadvantages and to promote gender equality . "
- SGB ​​VIII, § 9 (entered into force on June 10, 2021)

Intersexuality - Terms and Syndromes

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

M = male / W = female / IS = intersexual / () = is perceived as

Technical term Closed Explanation effect

"Normality"

Overall frequency versus intersexuality

Frequency approx. 1–2: 1000

W
M
IS 		Deviation from standardized gender characteristics or gender characteristics and the typical body structure Female : genotype 46, XX; Breast growth; Vulva , ovaries , fallopian tubes, uterus , menstruation and childbearing potential; Fat distribution, skin properties, hair soft and small on the body, typical head hair, typical pubic hair

Male : genotype 46, XY; Beard growth, broken voice; Penis , testes , prostate , vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculation and fertile; typical body hair , baldness and receding hairline

Every deviation in the phenotype (appearance) or genotype can be attributed to intersexuality in the broadest sense.

Turner Syndrome

Frequency approx. 1: 2500

IS
W 		The sex chromosome pair contains only one X, i.e. 45, X0 or as a mosaic 45, X0 46, XX The external and internal genital organs are developed feminine, but sexual maturity does not occur;
predominantly short stature and the risk of further physical development disorders without med. treatment
Klinefelter syndrome
frequency approx. 1: 590 		IS
M
(W) 		When the chromosomes are separated during the division phase, a triple paired sex chromosome of type 47, XXY is created The external and internal appearance is predominantly male, but due to reduced testosterone production, the typical male characteristics do not occur during puberty, the sperm production is usually considerably reduced.
Pseudo-hermaphroditism = "pseudo-hermaphrodite" IS
M / W

A collective name for many of the syndromes listed so far

Hermaphroditism verus = "real" hermaphrodite IS Simultaneous development of internal and external female and male sexual characteristics Childbearing ability can be achieved; self-insemination is not possible, because the testicles produce sufficient hormones, but sperm maturation is disturbed.

However, there are also isolated cases of male victims who have successfully fathered children.

Syndromes with gender atypical effects
The following terms can only be assigned to IS in the broader sense, which is also evident from the gender information.
Female pseudo-hermaphrodite W. Various congenital deficiency symptoms or genetic defects lead to the prevention of sexual development or masculinization ;
z. B. aromatase deficiency ,

3β-HSD , hyperandrogenemia (mainly due to PCOS )

an enzyme that promotes the formation of estrogens; there is a lack of estrogens and increased testosterone production.

The enzyme promotes the formation of sex hormones; if there is a deficiency, it is easily masculinized.

Male mock hermaphrodites M. Various congenital deficiency symptoms or genetic defects lead to the prevention of sexual development or feminization ;
z. B. 17β-HSD deficiency,

5α-reductase deficiency

Androstenedione cannot be converted into testosterone, and there is no androgenic influence in the development during pregnancy, it is assigned to female despite 46, XY and testicles, but slight masculinization during puberty.

The estradiol formed in the testes in addition to testosterone leads to female breast growth during puberty if the enzyme is not sufficiently available.

Sex hormone producing tumors

in male and female false hermaphrodites

M / W These tumors are usually benign and can develop before puberty without being recognized or causing symptoms of their own. Depending on the "host", the type, time and amount of hormone release, developments that are atypical of the sexes or the acceleration or inhibition of developments that are typical of the sexes occur.

The tumors occur in the adrenal cortex, in the ovaries or testicles, rarely in the pituitary gland.

Neurological syndromes that are sometimes classified
Organic brain intersexuality = transsexuality , transidentity or transgender

Frequency information very variable ; in Germany more than 1: 800.

W
M 		The phenotype is clear, but the gender in the brain is closer to the other than the gender assigned at birth based on physical appearance.

Ratio m / w approx. 1: 1

It is not possible to identify with the gender assigned at birth based on physical appearance. Usually the hormonal balance, secondary or primary sexual characteristics are perceived as incompatible with the brain and "wrong" or at least as stressful or annoying. The psychological and emotional development or the natural role behavior of the person are very often in contradiction to the biological requirements and the expectations of the environment. Mental and psychosomatic disorders of the most varied kinds arise, especially of gender identity , which are often improved through gender reassignment measures .
Transvestism

largely unexplored; Unscientific theses have been held in literature since the early 20th century

W
M 		Acceptance of the typical style of clothing of the opposite sex for individually different reasons; to be distinguished from theatrical travesty , playing a stage role in the opposite sex; see also cross-dressing Transvestism in women mostly goes unmolested, while transvestism in men is more often publicly noticed.
Psychoneurological intersexuality M / W Assumption of the typical (or better: regarded as normative) sexual behavior of the opposite sex (largely unexplored). It is about 'gender orientation'. If the phenotype and genotype are clear and recognizable, one speaks of homosexuality , lesbian or gay . If there is somatic intersexuality at the same time, the impression of heterosexuality can arise.

Action days

The Intersex Awareness Day will take place worldwide on October 26th . It was introduced by Intersex International Australia in 1996 on the occasion of the recognition of a third gender option.

Since 2005 , the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia, Interphobia and Transphobia (IDAHOBIT) ( International Day Against Homo-, Bi-, Inter- and Transphobia ) has been celebrated on May 17th as a day of action to raise awareness of the discrimination and punishment of people based on their indicate sexual orientation or gender identity .

Another day of action on intersexuality is the Intersex Day of Remembrance or Intersex Solidarity Day on November 8th . It marks the birthday of Abel Barbin .

Media representation

literature

  • 1915: In the novel The Golem by Gustav Meyrink hermaphroditism plays an important role.
  • 1950-1952: In the Foundation cycle of Isaac Asimov a hermaphrodite named Fallom occurs whose bisexuality was deliberately induced on the planet Solaria; however, Fallom is treated like a woman, at least in language.
  • 1991: In Lois McMaster Bujold's Barrayar cycle there are the hermaphrodite Herm from the planet Beta. In science fiction literature, hermaphrodism is often used to denote extraterrestrial forms of life , or it is also introduced as a (deliberately created) “strange” state of future human beings (cultures).
  • 1993: In the historical Aztec novel The Griffin by Gary Jennings , the main character is a hermaphrodite.
  • 2002: The novel Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides describes the life story of the hermaphrodite main character Calliope and the difficulties of growing up; the book received the 2003 Pulitzer Prize .
  • 2003–2009: The Japanese manga IS: Otoko demo Onna demo nai Sei (IS 男 で も 女 で も な い 性) illuminates the lives of several intersex characters; In 2011 it was implemented as a television series.
  • 2005: In the novel, The Gallery of the lies of Ralf Isau are several characters true hermaphrodites; The author not only deals with the "being pushed back and forth between the sexes", but also explores the question of whether intersex people are the next step in evolution in an unconventional way.

Movie

  • 1919: The German silent film From a man's girl years by Julius Rode and Paul Legband was the film adaptation of the biography of the intersex person Karl M. Baer , published in 1907 ; the film is considered lost .
  • 2001: The German documentary The ordained gender by Oliver Tolmein and Bertram Rotermund illustrates hermaphrodites and gender politics in Germany.
  • 2006: The Austrian documentary octopus alarm shows the story of the intersex Alex Jürgen , who was born gender ambiguous, received gender reassignment surgeries and hormone treatments for feminization in childhood and made the decision to make an operational and hormonal change to a man in adulthood; In 2018, Alex Jürgen fought before the Austrian Constitutional Court to legally establish the third gender option " diverse ".
  • 2007: The Argentine film XXY deals with the topic of intersex and the problems associated with it based on the story of 15-year-old Alex.
  • 2007: The German "documentary experiment / visual audio piece" The cat would be more of a bird offers insights into the worlds of experience of four intersex people.
  • 2011: The Münster-based Tatort episode Between the Ears addresses intersex issues and the problems of acceptance and self-discovery that people with this genetic variation often have to struggle with.
  • 2012: The Lucerne crime scene Scalpel is about the murder of a surgeon who specializes in intersex children.
  • 2014–2016: In the US television series Faking It , the character of Lauren Cooper is intersex (played by Bailey De Young ); External acceptance and the own acceptance of those affected are discussed.
  • 2017: The French documentary Not woman, not man! by Regine Abadia accompanies two intersex activists, who are mainly against surgical interventions and hormone treatments in children after their birth (produced by Arte France ).
  • 2020: The German documentary Sex and Identity - A diverse story by Olaf S. Müller illustrates, among other things, the diversity of biological intersexes (produced by Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk MDR; sex here stands for "biological gender", from the English sex ).

See also

literature

Publications by intersex people

  • NO Body ( Karl M. Baer ): From a man's girlhood. Reprint of the first edition. 1st edition. Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-89468-086-5 (original edition: Riecke, Berlin 1907).
  • AGGPG ( Memento of June 4, 2001 in the Internet Archive ), Bremen
  • Michel Reiter: Making a normal life possible. In: New Society for Fine Art (NGBK) (Ed.): 1-0-1 [one 'o one] intersex: The two-gender system as a violation of human rights. Catalog for the exhibition of the same name from June 17 to July 31, 2005, NGBK, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-926796-95-0 , pp. 136–141.
  • Ins A Kromminga: The narrow-mindedness of tolerance. The extraterrestrial rays of my youth - (Scotty, where ARE you ?!) In: Neue Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst (Ed.): 1-0-1 [one 'o one] intersex: The two-gender system as a violation of human rights. NGBK, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-926796-95-0 , pp. 27-31.
  • Curtis E. Hinkle: Sexist Genetics and Ambivalent Medicine. In: GID Spezial , Volume 9, 2009, pp. 27-29.
  • International Association of Intersex People (IVIM): Intersex is not a medical problem! In: GID Special. Volume 9, 2009, pp. 21-26.
  • Intersexual People Association V .: Allowing diversity? We are for it! Statement of the Association of Intersexual People e. V. for pre-implantation diagnostics. In: GID Special. Volume 9, 2009, pp. 30-32.
  • Elisa Barth, Ben Böttger, Dan Christian Ghattas, Ina Schneider (eds.): Inter. Experiences of intersex people in the world of the two sexes . Life stories from over ten countries. NoNo-Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-942471-03-9 .

Medicine and psychology

Sports

  • Dennis Krämer: Intersexuality in Sport - Media and Medical Body Politics. Transcript, Bielefeld 2020, ISBN 978-3-8376-5035-8 .

story

  • Ulrike Klöppel: XX0XY unsolved: Hermaphroditism, Sex and Gender in German Medicine: A Historical Study on Intersexuality. Transcript, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1343-8 .
  • Ulrike Klöppel: hermaphrodite, doubt, two-gender norm. In: GID Special. Volume 9, 2009, pp. 5-12.
  • Dericks-Tan & Martin: Onan's Children. Things worth remembering about sexuality and reproduction from history and medicine. Abadi, Alzenau 2000, ISBN 3-00-006497-4 .
  • Heinz-Jürgen Voß: Intersexuality - Intersex: An Intervention. Unrast, Münster 2012, ISBN 3-89771-119-2 .

Social sciences

  • Ulla Fröhling : Life between the sexes: intersexuality - experiences in a taboo area. Links, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-86153-290-3 .
  • Kathrin Zehnder: Calling hermaphrodites by name - intersexuality between pathology, self-determination and physical experience. Transcript, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1398-8 .
  • Adrian de Silva: Physical integrity and self-determination: criticism of medical guidelines on intersexuality. In: Journal for Sexual Research . Volume 20, No. 2, 2007, pp. 176-185.

Law

  • Marjolein van den Brink, Peter Dunne: Trans and intersex equality rights in Europe - a comparative analysis. Published by the European Commission (Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers). Brussels, November 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-95764-2 (English; European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination; doi: 10.2838 / 75428 ; PDF: 640 kB, 117 pages on ec.europa.eu ).
  • Elisabeth Holzleithner : Variation as deviation. For the medical and legal establishment of the gender of intersex people. In: [sic!] Forum for feminist gaits . Issue 42, 2002, pp. 10–11 ( PDF: 48 kB, 5 pages on univie.ac.at).
  • Konstanze Plett : Intersexuality from a legal perspective. In: polymorph (Ed.): (Not) one gender or many? Transgender from a political perspective. Querverlag, Berlin 2002, pp. 31–42 (first publication: right to one's own gender. In: Gigi - magazine for sexual emancipation. No. 13, May – June 2001, pp. 24–27).
  • Konstanze Plett: Intersexuals - caught between law and medicine. In: Frauke Koher, Katharina Pühl (ed.): Violence and gender. Constructions, positions, practices. Leske / Budrich, Opladen 2003, pp. 21–41.
  • Konstanze Plett: Intersexuality as a touchstone: On the legal construction of the bisexual body. In: Kathrin Heinz, Barbara Thiessen (Ed.): Feminist Research - Sustainable Objections. Leske / Budrich, Opladen 2003, pp. 323–336
  • Konstanze Plett: intersex and human rights. In: Claudia Lohrenscheit (Ed.): Sexual self-determination as a human right. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, pp. 151–167.
  • Angelika Kolbe: intersexuality, bisexuality and constitutional law. An interdisciplinary study. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2010, ISBN 978-3-8329-5449-9 .
  • Britt Tönsmeyer: The limits of parental care for children born intersex. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8329-7318-6 .

Arts

Further

Web links

Commons : intersex  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Intersexuality  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Portals:

Items:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Milton Diamond: Transsexuality as an intersexual condition. In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.): Das Geschecht in mir: Neuroscientific, lifeworld and theological contributions to transsexuality. de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-060506-8 , pp. 69–82, here p. 73.
  2. ↑ Hughes et al .: Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Volume 91, No. 7, July 2006, pp. 554-563, here pp. ?? (English).
  3. ↑ Lee et al .: Consensus Statement - Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care. In: Hormone Research in Paediatrics. Volume 85, 2016, pp. 158–180, here p. ?? (English).
  4. ↑ a b BVerfG, decision of the First Senate of October 10, 2017 - 1 BvR 2019/16 - Rn. (1-69) para. 10
  5. ↑ The malformation monitoring of the state of Saxony-Anhalt shows a base prevalence of an indifferent gender of an average of 0.7 per 10,000 births for the period 2005 to 2016 (see annual report 2017, quoted from BT-Drs. 19/7586 ).
  6. ↑ Number of people of the third sex lower than assumed. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . May 9, 2019, accessed May 17, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Ulrich Thiele: Neither male nor female. Cicero , November 9, 2017, accessed May 28, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Website of the Intersexuelle Menschen e. V.
  9. ↑ a b IVIM: Our basic principles. ( Memento from December 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: intersexualite.de. 2011, accessed April 19, 2020.
  10. ↑ The Board of Directors of the German Medical Association: Statement of the German Medical Association "Care of children, adolescents and adults with variants / disorders of sex development (Disorders of Sex Development, DSD)." In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt. January 30, 2015, doi: 10.3238 / arztebl.2015.stn_dsd_baek_01 .
  11. ↑ Inter * campaign: The first Berlin Inter * conference
  12. ↑ Human Rights 4 Hermaphrodites 2! February 12, 2015, accessed November 3, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Hermaphrodites with Attitude. Intersex Society of North America, accessed November 3, 2018 .
  14. ↑ Richard Goldschmidt: Preliminary communication on further attempts to inherit and determine gender. In: K. Goebel, R. Hertwig (Hrsg.): Biologisches Centralblatt . tape 35 . Verlag Georg Thieme, Leipzig 1915, p. 565-566 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive ).
  15. ↑ Richard Goldschmidt: Preliminary communication on further attempts to inherit and determine gender. In: Biological Centralblatt. Volume 35, No. 12, 1915, pp. 565-570.
  16. ↑ a b Ulrike Klöppel: XX0XY unsolved: Hermaphroditism, Sex and Gender in German Medicine: A Historical Study on Intersexuality. transcript, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1343-8 , chap. II.3.4.
  17. ↑ See Helga Satzinger: Difference and Heredity: Gender Orders in Genetics and Hormone Research 1890–1950. Böhlau, Cologne [a. a.] 2009, ISBN 978-3-412-20339-9 , chap. II.3.
  18. ↑ Goldschmidt himself criticized the "arbitrary use of the term": Richard Goldschmidt: The sexual intermediate stages. Julius Springer, Berlin 1931, p. 12.
  19. ↑ Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders (PDF) The German Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ) and the German Society for Endocrinology (DGE) have adopted the nomenclature proposed in the Consensus Statement in their guideline Disorders of Gender Development .
  20. ↑ Curtis E. Hinkle: Sexist Genetics and Ambivalent Medicine. In: GID Special. Volume 9, 2009, pp. 27-29 ( online at intersexualite.de). See also Adrian de Silva: Physical Integrity and Self-Determination: Critique of Medical Guidelines on Intersexuality. In: Journal for Sexual Research. Volume 20, No. 2, 2007, pp. 176-185.
  21. ↑ Cynthia Kraus: Classifying Intersex in DSM-5: Critical Reflections on Gender Dysphoria . In: Archives of Sexual Behavior . tape 44 , no. 5 , July 1, 2015, ISSN  0004-0002 , p. 1147–1163 , doi : 10.1007 / s10508-015-0550-0 (English).
  22. ↑ Overview: ICD-10-WHO. In: DIMDI.de . November 1, 2019, accessed November 29, 2019.
  23. ↑ Draft text : ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version: 04/2019). In: ICD.WHO.int . April 2019, accessed November 29, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Message: ICD-11: WHO no longer evaluates Trans * as “mentally or behaviorally disordered”. In: Aidshilfe.de . June 19, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  25. ↑ Julianne Imperato-McGinley, Vivian Sobel, Yuan-Shan Zhu: Fetal hormones and sexual differentiation. In: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. Volume 31, No. 4, January 2005, pp. 837-856 (English; doi: 10.1016 / j.ogc.2004.08.005 ; full text ).
  26. ↑ Julianne Imperato-McGinley, Yuan-Shan Zhu: Androgens and male physiology - The syndrome of 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency. In: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Volume 198, No. 1, December 2002, pp. 51-59 (English; doi: 10.1016 / S0303-7207 (02) 00368-4 ; full text ).
  27. ↑ Hey-Joo Kang, Julianne Imperato-McGinley, Yuan-Shan Zhu, Zev Rosenwaks: The effect of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency on human fertility. In: Fertility and sterility. Volume 101, No. 2, January 2014, pp. 310-316 (English; doi: 10.1016 / j.fertnstert.2013.11.128 ; full text ).
  28. ↑ Answer of the federal government to the minor question from the delegates Christina Schenk and the parliamentary group of the PDS. Printed matter 14/5425. (PDF) In: dip21.bundestag.de. March 20, 2001. Retrieved August 28, 2017 .
  29. ↑ Research Report 2016 - Malformation Monitoring Saxony-Anhalt. (PDF) Medical Faculty of the University of Magdeburg, accessed on August 28, 2017 .
  30. ↑ Heinz-Jürgen Voss : Intersexual Movement and Bisexual Norm - Between Emancipation and Restoration: A Critical-Biological Intervention. In: Liminalis. No. 3, 2009, pp. 42–59 ( PDF: 117 kB, 18 pages on liminalis.de ( Memento from September 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
  31. ^ Georges André Hauser: Testicular Feminization . In: Claus Overzier (Ed.): Intersexuality . Academic Press, London and New York 1963, pp. 273 .
  32. ↑ Waltraud Schwab : Dealing with intersexuality: driven out of the skin. In: taz.de . October 26, 2012, accessed September 9, 2020.
  33. ^ German Ethics Council: Intersexuality. Statement of February 23, 2012 ( memo of March 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  34. ↑ General Land Law for the Prussian States (June 1, 1794), First Part. In: OpinioJuris - The Free Law Library. June 1, 1794, Retrieved November 3, 2018 .
  35. ↑ Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer: Hermaphroditism in humans . Publishing house by Dr. Werner Klinkhardt, Leipzig 1908, p. 5, 6, 622 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  36. ↑ Motifs for the draft of a civil code for the German Empire. Volume I. General part. Official edition . Published by J. Guttentag, Berlin / Leipzig 1888, p. 26 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  37. ^ Opinion of the Federal Council on the draft of a law amending provisions on civil status law (Personal Status Law Amendment Act - PStRÄndG) BT- Drucks . 17/10489 of August 15, 2012 (PDF) pdf, accessed on October 29, 2014.
  38. ↑ Resolution recommendation and report of the Committee on Internal Affairs (4th committee) on the draft law of the federal government - printed matter 17/10489 - draft of a law to amend legal regulations on personal status (Personal Status Law Amendment Act - PStRÄndG) BT- Drucks . 17/12192 (PDF) pdf, accessed on October 29, 2014.
  39. ↑ Law on the amendment of personal status regulations of May 7, 2013 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1122) ( Memento of August 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Disorders of sexual development.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) (PDF) In: Guidelines of the Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. No. 027/022; accessed on May 26, 2017.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.dev.awmf.org
  41. ↑ Ulrike Klöppel, Katja Sabisch: On the topicality of cosmetic genital operations . Ed .: Office of the Center for Transdisciplinary Gender Studies at the Humboldt University in Berlin. Berlin 2016 ( https://www.gender.hu-berlin.de/de/publikationen/gender-bulletins/bulletin-texte/texte-42/kloeppel-2016_zur-aktualitaet-kosmetischer-genitaloperationen gender.hu-berlin.de [ PDF; 2.1 MB ]).
  42. ↑ Franz Ludwig von Neugebauer: Hermaphroditism in humans . Publishing house by Dr. Werner Klinkhardt, Leipzig 1908, p. 5–6 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  43. ^ Warrington Austerman; Prince D. Beach: True Hermaphroditism with A Report of Two Cases. In: The Journal of Urology. American Urological Association, 1961, accessed November 3, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Don H. Wasserman; Emanuel Klein: True Hermaphroditism: 2 Cases. In: The Journal of Urology. American Urological Association, 1964, accessed November 3, 2018 .
  45. ↑ Richard Goldschmidt: The biological foundations of contrary sexuality and hermaphroditism in humans . In: Archives for Racial and Social Biology including Racial and Social Hygiene . No. 12 . Archive Society, Berlin 1916, p. 6 .
  46. ↑ Helga Satzinger: Race, genes and gender - on the constitution of central biological terms in Richard Goldschmidt and Fritz Lenz, 1916 - 1936 . In: Research program "History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism" . Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science V., Berlin 2004, p. 15 ( mpg.de [PDF]).
  47. ↑ John Money: Man & Woman, Boy & Girl . In: ISI (Ed.): This Week's Citation Classic . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore February 2, 1987 ( upenn.edu [PDF]).
  48. ↑ Renata Markosyan; S. Faisal Ahmed: Sex Assignment in Conditions Affecting Sex Development. In: Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society, December 9, 2017, PMC 5790324 (free full text) (English).
  49. ↑ Melissa Hendricks: Is it a Boy or a Girl? In: Johns Hopkins Magazine. November 1993, p. 15.
  50. ↑ National ethics committee in the field of human medicine (NEK-CNE): On dealing with variants of gender development: Ethical questions on "intersexuality". Opinion No. 20/2012. Bern November 2012 (adopted by the Commission on August 31, 2012; PDF: 200 kB, 28 pages at nek-cne.admin.ch).
  51. ↑ a b Katharina Bochsler: Gender in Law: What Consequences Would the Abolition of “Man” and “Woman” Have ? In: SRF.ch . January 7, 2021, accessed February 11, 2021.
  52. ↑ a b National ethics committee in the field of human medicine (NEK-CNE): The official registration of the sex: Ethical consideration for dealing with the gender entry in the civil status register. Opinion No. 36/2020. Bern, October 5, 2020, pp. 33–35, Chapter 6: Summary and recommendations ( PDF: 396 kB, 44 pages at nek-cne.admin.ch).
  53. ↑ AFP -Meldung in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of 24 February 2012 Page 5
  54. ↑ Heribert Prantl : Gender in German Law: Male, Female, Indefinite. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . August 16, 2013, accessed September 9, 2020.
  55. ↑ BGH, decision of June 22, 2016 - XII ZB 52/15
  56. ↑ Federal Constitutional Court for the Third Sex in the Spiegel Online birth register , November 8, 2017
  57. ↑ BVerfG, decision of October 10, 2017 - 1 BvR 2019/16
  58. ↑ Civil status law must allow further positive gender entries Press release of the Federal Constitutional Court No. 95/2017 of November 8, 2017 on the decision of October 10, 2017 - 1 BvR 2019/16
  59. ^ Draft of a law amending the Personal Status Act. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs, August 15, 2018, accessed on November 3, 2018 .
  60. ↑ Federal Law Gazette . (PDF) Retrieved May 22, 2021 .
  61. ↑ German Bundestag : Protection of children with variants of gender development. In: Bundestag.de. March 25, 2021, accessed April 24, 2021.
  62. ↑ German Bundestag: Law for the protection of children with variants of gender development. In: Documentation and Information System for Parliamentary Processes (DIP). Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  63. ↑ Petra Bühring: Intersexual Children: Right to Self-Determination. On: aerzteblatt.de ; accessed on March 21, 2021.
  64. ^ Opinion of the OII Germany on the draft law (PDF).
  65. ↑ OII press release on the adoption of the law (PDF).
  66. ↑ Federal Law Gazette . (PDF) Retrieved May 22, 2021 .
  67. ↑ Explanation of the subgroups. ( Memento from September 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 79 kB) humsafar.org (English)
  68. ^ Sally Gross: Intersexuality and Scripture. ( Memento from June 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  69. ↑ Diversity of the sexes & Christianity. ( Memento from January 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) German Society for Transidentity and Intersexuality e. V. (2003)
  70. ↑ see hybrid paragraph , General Land Law for the Prussian States § 19
  71. ^ First part, §§ 19–23 PrALR, smixx.de ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  72. ↑ Heinz-Jürgen Voss: As made for you: the social production of biological sex. In: J. Coffey, K. Köppert et al. (Ed.): Live queer - label queer? (Science) critical head massages. fwpf, Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939348-14-6 , pp. 153-167.
  73. ↑ Hans Naujoks: About real hybrid formation in humans and their therapeutic influence . In: W. Stoeckel in Berlin (Ed.): Journal for Obstetrics and Gynecology . tape 109 . Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1934, p. 135-161 ( genitalmutilation.org [PDF]).
  74. ^ Fritz Lenz: Anomalies of the body shape . In: Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene (Eugenics) . tape I. . JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1936, third section: The pathological genetic make-up, p. 403 ( archive.org [PDF]).
  75. ↑ Frederik Obermaier: Face to face with Mengele, the angel of death. In: one day . October 22, 2007, accessed November 3, 2018 .
  76. ↑ Ulrike Klöppel: Current study on the frequency of cosmetic genital operations on children in Germany. In: oii Germany. The German representation of the International Association of Intersex People (IVIM), February 5, 2017, accessed on November 3, 2018 .
  77. ^ German Ethics Council , press release: Publication of the opinion "Intersexuality". In: Ethikrat.org. February 23, 2012, accessed June 13, 2021 (download page).
  78. ↑ Faheem Zayed, Ibrahim Ghalayini, Ismail Matalka: A male phenotype (XY) hermaphrodite treated for seminoma, fathered a healthy child by IVF-ICSI technique. In: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Volume 25, No. 7, July 2008, pp. 345-348 (English; PMID 18648929 ).
  79. ↑ Demo for Intersex Awareness Day For more visibility of inter people , article in Tagesspiegel from October 23, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2021
  80. ↑ International IDAHO website (originated from the French branch)
  81. ^ Entry in the queer lexicon , accessed on March 27, 2021
  82. ↑ HOSI Salzburg: Making Intersexuality Visible , article on Salzburg24, accessed on March 27, 2021
  83. ↑ Intersex Day , accessed March 27, 2021
  84. ↑ IS - Otoko Demo Onna Demo Nai Sei Manga Gets Live-Action Show. Retrieved July 17, 2018 .
  85. ^ Website of the film The Prescribed Gender
  86. ↑ film website
  87. ↑ Tintenfischalarm in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  88. ↑ XXY in the Internet Movie Database (English)
  89. ↑ film website
  90. ↑ film website
  91. ↑ Scalpel tatort.de
  92. ↑ Lesley Goldberg: MTV's “Faking It” to Tell Intersex Story in Season 2. Showrunner Carter Covington talks with THR about exploring the new-to-TV storyline. The Hollywood Reporter, September 12, 2014, accessed February 9, 2016 .
  93. ↑ James Nichols: MTV's 'Faking It' To Include Intersex Character. The Huffington Post, September 15, 2014, accessed February 9, 2016 .
  94. ↑ Video on Arte by Regine Abadia: Change of perspective: Not woman, not man! In: arte.tv. June 28, 2019, accessed March 24, 2021 (56:58 minutes; Arte / F, France 2017; available until August 5, 2021).
  95. ↑ Video on Arte by Olaf S. Müller: Health and Medicine: Sex and Identity: A diverse story. In: arte.tv. April 24, 2021, accessed on March 24, 2021 (51:36 minutes; MDR 2020; available until July 22, 2021).