Sexualization

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As sexualization refers to the literal sense

  • the focus or emphasis on sexuality within a broader context
  • viewing an object from a sexual point of view or under the aspect of sexuality, especially if this object does not evoke this observation by itself .
  • by Martha Nussbaumer Sex and Social Justice (dt. Gender and Social Justice ) a form of social hierarchy when sexuality and gender are used to people (not only, but especially women) to degrade the sexual object and to communicate about sexuality claims to power and enforce.

Concept history

In the medicine

The term can first be traced back to the doctor , politician , educator and philosopher Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler (1780–1866) in experiments in organic physics (1804) in German-language literature. Troxler assumes that the genus itself is hermaphrodite . The individual represents the species more or less individualized, so this is also more or less hermaphrodite; "This depends on the more or less determination of one or the other principle, the unity of which is the species, and this determination is = the sexualization of the individual or the differentiation of the hermaphrodite according to one or the other side of its factors."

In language theory

In German-speaking linguistics, the term was probably introduced in 1856 in the outdated spelling “Sexualization” by August Friedrich Pott in the article Gender (GRAMMATICAL) in the General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts (62nd volume of the first section): “But once the narrow barriers transcending natural sex, this sexualization poured even further into nouns, where masculinity and femininity could no longer even be a figurative thought; sometimes, as in Hebrew, over all, so that none remained as neutral and thus excluded from the actual gender. ” In the 1880s and 1890s, the term found a certain spread in German-language literature on language, even in its outdated spelling.

In the 90s of the 19th century, the currently used spelling found its way into literature, among other things in the theoretical discussion of the grammatical gender in the language. As with Pott, sexualization refers to the attribution of “male” and “female” to actually neuter objects, terms and mythical creatures. Friedrich Nietzsche describes this linguistic practice in Dawn (1888), without using the term explicitly, as a tremendous mistake: “ Everything has its time. - When man gave all things a gender, he did not think he was playing, but had gained a deep insight: - Very late and perhaps not yet fully admitted the enormous extent of this error to himself. "(1st book, 3rd . Aphorism). Nietzsche compares this mistake with the relationship of "all that is there," the morality that man the things settled would. "This will one day have as much and no more value than the belief in the masculinity or femininity of the sun already has today."

Defense Mechanism

Sexualization in a psychological, psychoanalytic or psychotherapeutic context is a mechanism for warding off drive impulses. Sexualization as a defense mechanism goes back to the work of Eberhard Schorsch , Nikolaus Becker (1977) and Heinz Kohut (1971). They made a contribution to the understanding of serious personality and sexual disorders. Essentially, the psychodynamic theory says that sexualization represents an attempt at self-healing in which an early childhood, originally asexual conflict is reactivated in the later object relationships and given a sexual impetus (trait). Within this construct, however, the actual and original theme of the impotence and omnipotence of the individualizing infant remains effective.

The feeling of genital pleasure and relaxation as a result of a biological maturation process gives the child whose autonomy is disturbed early on the feeling of experiencing something of its own and independent of the parents. With the help of the emerging gender identity , the earlier original identity trauma is processed. The function of sexualization is to ensure an intactness that later bears the stamp of the phallic. It gives the individuation stability at the expense of the developing gender identity. The original fragility is now wearing the guise of a fragile sexual identity that has to be replenished again and again. McDougall (1972) calls the genital cast a bulwark against the devouring mother.

Sexualization serves to relieve the social personality of preoedipal conflicts, it creates and a. Teamwork and social functioning at work. It even makes stable erotic partnerships possible. Morgenthaler (1974) speaks of a seal that fills a gap in the self. Similar to a transitional object, everyday injuries can be discharged in the deviation with the help of “magic rituals” without endangering the anchorage of reality. The bizarre, archaically uncultivated form of the rituals provides a glimpse of the stage of development of the original conflict. In contrast to the more mature, ego-dystonic repression, in sexualization the two conflicting parts of the personality face each other. This split can lead to the formation of a doppelganger like RL Stevenson: in his novella “ The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ”. Michael Balint spoke of a pathological fear of losing objects. Don-Juan and Messalina types keep separating from their partners again and again in order to make contraphobically that they are not afraid of losing their objects. In sexual bondage, on the other hand, the object is held on phobically in order to be able to control the fear of loss.

According to Schorsch, Becker, Saimeh and Nedopil, 4 levels are distinguished:

  • Stage 1: Deviating sexual fantasy is an intense, but one-off or sporadic impulse (e.g. "Darling, today let's try bondage "). Outside the crisis, the imagination or the impulse is not experienced.
  • Level 2: Deviating sexual fantasy is used to deal with serious conflicts on a regular basis (repetition in life crises, “Darling, it has to be like that today”).
  • Level 3: Without deviating phantasy, sexuality can hardly be experienced; without a gesture of submission, there is no orgasm. A reference to crises is no longer recognizable. The first partnership conflicts arise, and there is often an evasion into progressive promiscuity . Heinz Kohut (1971) spoke of " Don Juan " and " Messalina " types
  • Stage 4: The deviating sexual fantasy must be intensified, addictive behavior, new rituals are added, the temporal extent increases (Giese (1962) decay of sensuality ), sexual neglect . Partnerships are often given up completely, and masturbation affects the lifestyle.

Levels 3 and 4 represent stable, fixed perversion.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nussbaum, Martha C .: Sex & Social Justice. Oxford University Press, New York 1999, pp. 29-47.
  2. ↑ Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler: Experiments in organic physics . Akademische Buchhandlung, 1804 ( google.de [accessed April 20, 2018]). P. 511 f .;
  3. ↑ see also: Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung, p. 67 Johann Jacob Hartenkeil: Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung, ed. by J (ohann) J (acob) Hartenkeil and F (ranz) X (aver) Mezler . Oberer, 1805 ( google.de [accessed April 20, 2018]).
  4. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts ... FA Brockhaus, 1855, p. 448 ( google.de [accessed on February 7, 2018]).
  5. ^ International journal for general linguistics: with the participation of Mr. L. Adam in Rennes, GI Ascoli in Milan . tape 4 . JA Barth, 1889, p. 103 ( google.de [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  6. ^ Bulletin for German Antiquity and German Literature . tape 16 & 17 . F. Steiner, 1890, p. 182 ( google.de [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  7. ^ Friedrich Techmer: Introduction to Linguistics . tape 1 . F. Steiner, 1880, p. 133 ( google.de [accessed February 7, 2018]).
  8. ↑ Gustav Körting: The mold construction of the French verb in its historical development . In: F. Schöningh (Ed.): Forms of the French language . tape 2 . Ferdinand Schöningh, 1893, p. 88 ff .
  9. ↑ Rudolf Kleinpaul: The river area of ​​language: original language, development and physiology . 1892, p. 527 .
  10. ^ Morgenröthe by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - text in the Gutenberg project. Retrieved October 9, 2017 .
  11. ↑ Chapter 2 of the book: Morgenröthe by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche | Gutenberg project. Retrieved December 28, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Heinz Kohut: Narcissism. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Wissenschaft, 1976, original edition: The Analysis of the Self. International Universities Press, New York 1971.
  13. ↑ E. Schorsch, N. Becker: Anxiety, lust, destruction. 1977, p. 75.
  14. ↑ Balint, Michael: Angstlust und Regression, 1959; Page 101
  15. ↑ N. Saimeh: Like to eat - cannibalism from a psychiatric point of view.