German Ethics Council

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The German Ethics Council (forerunner from June 2001 to February 2008: National Ethics Council ) is an independent council of experts that “monitors ethical, social, scientific, medical and legal issues as well as the likely consequences for individuals and society that arise in connection with research and to developments especially in the field of life sciences and their application to humans ”.

The Ethics Council Act , which came into force on August 1, 2007, forms the basis for its activities. The constituent meeting took place on April 11, 2008 in the Reichstag building in Berlin. Twenty-six members are proposed by the federal government and half by the Bundestag and appointed by the Bundestag President for four years. Through this procedure "different ethical approaches and a plural spectrum of opinion should be represented". Independence is to be ensured, among other things, by prohibiting membership in parliament and government .

tasks

The council fulfills a double function as a dialogue forum and advisory body. In its function as an ethical dialogue forum, the German Ethics Council is supposed to bring together (centralize) special scientific discourses in accordance with its legal basis and to promote social discussion, in particular through public events. In its function as a bioethical advisory body , the German Ethics Council has the task of developing opinions and recommendations for political or legislative action either on its own initiative or on behalf of the Federal Government and the German Bundestag, as well as ensuring cooperation with other ethical bodies at national and international level.

The German Ethics Council reports once a year to the German Bundestag and the Federal Government on its activities and the status of the social debate.

At the same time as the establishment of the German Ethics Council, the Bundestag decided to set up its own ethics advisory board as a parliamentary support body to support the debates of the German Ethics Council in the Bundestag. After the re-establishment of this body was rejected in the current legislative period, the German Ethics Council has been holding so-called parliamentary evenings since March 2010 for an intensive exchange with the members of parliament on ethical issues.

Working method

The body usually meets once a month, and the meetings are generally open to the public. In addition to these plenary sessions, the content-related work in the run-up to the publication of statements is mainly carried out in working groups that are set up on a topic-specific basis by decision of the plenary and meet at irregular intervals. The work of the council is supported by an office located in Berlin, which is located at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences . The federal government bears the costs of the German Ethics Council and its office. In 2018, the German Bundestag's budget had set aside 1.895 million euros for his work.

Once a year there is a public annual meeting of the German Ethics Council in Berlin; Together with external experts, the German Ethics Council advises and discusses topics such as The controllable human being? About insights and interventions in our brain (2009), migration and health. Cultural diversity as a challenge for medical care (2010) and Feeding the world population - an ethical challenge (2011).

In addition, the council organizes a forum on bioethics in Berlin several times a year with a changing thematic focus . These evening events, which are usually introduced by guest lectures, are just like the annual conferences aimed at publicly discussing specific biopolitical issues.

Established as the National Ethics Council of Germany

The council was set up on May 2, 2001 by resolution of the then red-green federal government under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . The council met on June 8, 2001 for its constituent meeting in Berlin. Its up to 25 members from different scientific areas were directly appointed by the Federal Chancellor for a period of four years, with the possibility of one-time reappointment. According to the establishment decree, membership in the National Ethics Council precluded active political activity. In addition, in accordance with Section 1 (2) of the Rules of Procedure, a member could be excluded from deliberation and resolution in individual cases if a specific conflict of interest existed.

In the years 2001 to 2007, the national ethics council published twelve statements, seven conference documents and four annual reports as well as numerous other documents on bioethical issues.

The National Ethics Council met for the last time in September 2007 and was dissolved by a decision of the Federal Cabinet on February 13, 2008.

occupation

The German Ethics Council consists of 26 members who represent scientific, medical, theological, philosophical, ethical, social, economic and legal issues in a special way. Its members include scientists from the named fields of knowledge. It also includes people who are particularly familiar with ethical issues in the life sciences, as well as church representatives. The members are appointed for a period of four years. A one-off reappointment is possible. If a member leaves prematurely, a new member is appointed for four years. The right to propose the new member lies with the institution that made the proposal for the resigned member.

Members 2008

On February 15, 2008, the President of the Bundestag appointed the 26 members of the German Ethics Council for the period up to 2012 on the basis of the proposals of the Federal Government and the Bundestag:

On June 30, 2010, Heike Walles , professor of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine at the University of Würzburg, and Wolfgang Huber , Protestant theologian and former bishop of Berlin-Brandenburg and from 2003 to 2009 council chairman of the EKD, instead of the one in March 2010 on their own Upon request, retired members Hermann Barth and Bettina Schöne-Seifert were appointed to the Ethics Council.

In their constituent meeting, the members of the German Ethics Council elected Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig as their chairman and Christiane Woopen and Eberhard Schockenhoff as deputy chairmen.

Members 2012

On April 11, 2012, President Lammert appointed the following members of the Ethics Council for a second or first time on the proposal of the Bundestag and the Federal Government:

  • Katrin Amunts , neuromedicist
  • Constanze Angerer , former President of the District Court of Munich I
  • Wolf-Michael Catenhusen, former State Secretary for Research (reappointed)
  • Peter Dabrock , Protestant theologian
  • Frank Emmrich, Immunologist (reappointed)
  • Christiane Fischer , general practitioner, managing director MEZIS
  • Thomas Heinemann , philosopher and professor of medical ethics
  • Wolfram Höfling , constitutional lawyer
  • Wolfgang Huber, Protestant theologian (reappointed), followed since November 2014 by Martin Hein , Protestant theologian, Bishop of the Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck
  • İlhan Ilkılıç , medicine and philosopher
  • Leo Latasch , doctor, head of the Frankfurt ambulance service, member of the Central Council of Jews in Germany
  • Anton Losinger, Auxiliary Bishop in the Diocese of Augsburg (reappointed)
  • Reinhard Merkel , criminal lawyer and legal philosopher
  • Herbert Mertin , State Minister of Justice Rhineland-Palatinate a. D.
  • Eckhard Nagel, physician and professor for medical management and health sciences (reappointed)
  • Peter Radtke, author and actor (reappointed)
  • Ulrike Riedel, lawyer (reappointed)
  • Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig, former Federal Minister of Justice (reappointed)
  • Eberhard Schockenhoff, Catholic theologian and priest (reappointed)
  • Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen , physician, head of the geriatrics research group at Charité in Berlin
  • Jochen Taupitz, Professor of Law (reappointed)
  • Silja Vöneky , international lawyer
  • Heike Walles, biologist (reappointed), followed since February 2013 by Carl Friedrich Gethmann , Professor of Philosophy and until 2012 Director of the European Academy for Research into the Consequences of Scientific and Technical Developments in Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
  • Claudia Wiesemann , doctor and medical ethicist
  • Christiane Woopen, Professor of Ethics and Theory of Medicine (reappointed)
  • Michael Wunder, qualified psychologist and psychotherapist (reappointed)

At the constituent meeting of the newly composed German Ethics Council, Woopen was elected chairman, Catenhusen, Dabrock and Taupitz deputy chairman.

Members 2016

On April 11, 2016, Norbert Lammert, President of the Bundestag, appointed the following members of the Ethics Council for the first time or a second time at the suggestion of the Bundestag and the Federal Government:

  • Katrin Amunts, neuromedicist (reappointed)
  • Constanze Angerer, former President of the District Court Munich I (reappointed)
  • Steffen Augsberg , legal scholar
  • Franz-Josef Bormann , Catholic moral theologian
  • Alena M. Buyx , medical ethicist
  • Dagmar Coester-Waltjen , legal scholar
  • Peter Dabrock , Protestant theologian (reappointed)
  • Christiane Fischer, General Practitioner, Managing Director MEZIS (reappointed)
  • Sigrid Graumann , human geneticist and medical ethicist
  • Wolfram Henn , human geneticist and medical ethicist
  • Wolfram Höfling, constitutional lawyer (reappointed)
  • İlhan Ilkılıç, Medicine and Philosopher (reappointed)
  • Ursula Klingenmüller , biologist
  • Stephan Kruip , physicist, chairman of Mukoviszidose eV
  • Andreas Kruse , psychologist and gerontologist
  • Adelheid Kuhlmey , Director of the Institute for Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Science at the Charité
  • Leo Latasch, doctor, head of the Frankfurt ambulance service, member of the Central Council of Jews in Germany (reappointed)
  • Volker Lipp , legal scholar
  • Andreas Lob-Hüdepohl , Catholic theologian
  • Reinhard Merkel, criminal lawyer and legal philosopher (reappointed)
  • Gabriele Meyer , health and nursing scientist (left the Ethics Council on June 30, 2018 at her own request)
  • Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, doctor, head of the geriatrics research group at the Charité in Berlin (reappointed)
  • Petra Thorn , social and family therapist
  • Claudia Wiesemann , doctor and medical ethicist (reappointed)

The following members, whose appointment period had not yet expired in April 2016, also belonged to the Ethics Council in 2016:

  • Carl Friedrich Gethmann, philosopher (member since February 14, 2013)
  • Martin Hein, Protestant theologian, Bishop of the Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck (retired from the Ethics Council at the end of his appointment period on November 13, 2018); Elisabeth Gräb-Schmidt was appointed to the German Ethics Council as the successor to Bishop Martin Hein with effect from November 14, 2018.

At the constituent meeting of the newly composed German Ethics Council, Peter Dabrock was elected chairman, Katrin Amunts, Andreas Kruse and Claudia Wiesemann deputy chairmen. After Kruse announced his resignation from the board at the end of April 2018, council member Volker Lipp was elected deputy chairman in the plenary meeting on May 17, 2018.

Gethmann was reappointed in February 2017 for a second term (until February 13, 2021).

Judith Simon was appointed to the German Ethics Council as successor to Gabriele Meyer with effect from June 1, 2018.

Members 2020

Bundestag President Wolfgang Schäuble appointed 21 members to the German Ethics Council on April 30, 2020. The German Ethics Council was reorganized after some of the council members resigned from the committee on April 10, 2020, including the previous chairman Peter Dabrock. Including three members who were appointed outside the regular cycle between 2016 and 2018, the German Ethics Council has now had 24 members since April 30, 2020.

As part of the constituent meeting of the newly formed German Ethics Council on May 28, 2020, Alena Buyx was elected as chairwoman, Volker Lipp , Julian Nida-Rümelin and Susanne Schreiber as deputy chairmen.

Topics and opinions

The thematic priorities of the German Ethics Council take place i. d. Usually in the last meeting of the year when the council prepares a work plan for the coming months. The treatment of the individual topics - in plenary sessions, in specially named working groups and in special events - takes place continuously and usually takes years before a comprehensive statement is published. Even afterwards, the German Ethics Council accompanies the relevant political and social debates and examines the public acceptance of its recommendations.

Since 2008, the German Ethics Council has been devoting itself to the ethical problem areas of anonymous child surrender (see baby hatch ), biobanks , chimera and hybrid research and the distribution of funds in the health care system. For 2011, he also put the topics of dementia , synthetic biology, human-animal hybridism and reproductive medicine as well as the question of an obligation to make statements about organ donation on the agenda.

The Bioethics Forum devoted on 22 September 2011 in an evening event of the ethical problems of drug research with children and on 22 March 2012, the discussion about brain death as the time of death of man. On April 24, 2013, as part of the Bioethics Forum series, the issue of demographic change was discussed, with Chancellor Angela Merkel as a panelist.

In response to current events, the German Ethics Council held a public plenary session on August 23, 2012, devoted to the issue of circumcision for religious reasons.

The council also dealt with the following topics: patient welfare as an ethical benchmark for the hospital (statement published in 2016), big data and health (statement published in 2017), help through coercion? Professional care relationships in the field of tension between well-being and self-determination (statement published in 2018), interventions in the human germ line (statement published in 2019), vaccination as a duty? (Statement published in 2019), Robotics and Care (Statement published in 2020).

There is also a working group on the subject of “Sensible treatment of animals”.

The annual meeting of the Ethics Council on the subject of "Dimensions of nutritional responsibility" was planned for June 2020 ( the meeting had to be canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic ).

The Ethics Council has dealt with further topics in the form of ad hoc recommendations (see the relevant paragraph below).

Anonymous child delivery

In its first public meeting on June 26, 2008, the German Ethics Council dealt with the legal and ethical problems of the so-called baby hatches and anonymous births that have been in place since 1999 ; After a hearing with external experts on October 23, 2008, the first statement of November 26, 2009 was also devoted to this topic. Due to the various legal and personal problems associated with anonymous child surrender, and in view of the unproven life-saving effect of these options, the German Ethics Council recommends abandoning these facilities and instead significantly intensifying (anonymized) help and provision as well as the legal basis for a to create temporarily confidential child transfer.

After these recommendations had been discussed with members of the German Bundestag at the first parliamentary evening, the German Ethics Council examined the reception and effect of its recommendation in politics and the public at a public event a good year after the publication of its opinion and published one at the Free University of Berlin prepared study for it.

Human biobanks

Following on from an opinion of his predecessor body ( "National Ethics Council") from 2004, in which above all the necessity of the consent of the donors was stressed, as well as the final report of the Fact Finding Committee of the German Bundestag law and ethics of modern medicine , the German published Ethics Council issued an opinion on human biobanks for research on June 15, 2010 , in which it warned the legislature to implement legal regulations to maintain biobank secrecy and to safeguard these principles in international research exchanges in order to prevent misuse and disclosure of personal data. In further observation of this problem, the German Ethics Council will hold an expert discussion on April 7, 2011 on the possible need for regulation for research with human biobanks.

Healthcare benefits and costs

After questions of allocation in the health care system had already been discussed centrally in the two relevant inquiry commissions of the German Bundestag, but could not be dealt with conclusively due to lack of time, the German Ethics Council took up this topic at the beginning of its work by Council member Weyma Lübbe at the plenary session on 25 September 2008 introduced the problem in a keynote speech. In its statement published in January 2011 with the title On costs and benefits in the health care system , the Ethics Council initiated a social and, above all, political debate on issues of rationing in medical care. In view of the anticipated medical advances and a simultaneous increase in general life expectancy, the inevitable increase in costs in the healthcare system raises ever more urgent questions about the fair distribution of scarce resources. The German Ethics Council sees the democratically legitimized decision-makers in particular as responsible and urges an open political debate.

In particular, the German Ethics Council criticizes inadequate legal requirements with regard to the cost-benefit assessment, as carried out by the IQWiG on behalf of the Federal Joint Committee , and calls for a clarification of Section 35b SGB ​​V by the legislature, both with regard to the exclusion of the principle of benefit maximization across patient groups also affects the cost-effectiveness calculation according to the so-called efficiency frontier concept.

Preimplantation Diagnostics

On July 22, 2010, the German Ethics Council opened its consultations on reproductive medicine based on the two keynote speeches by Jochen Taupitz on the Embryo Protection Act and by Regine Kollek on new developments in reproductive medicine, especially in the area of ​​pre- implantation diagnostics (PGD), and formed a working group headed by Wolf-Michael Catenhusen. On December 16, 2010, the German Ethics Council held a public hearing with international experts to find out about the legal regulations and practical handling of pre-implantation diagnostics in neighboring European countries.

In view of the different bills pending discussion in the German Bundestag on this issue, the German Ethics Council presented itself as divided in its statement on pre-implantation diagnosis (PGD) published on March 8, 2011: 13 members voted for a strictly limited approval of PGD, 11 for one strict ban, a council member pleaded in a separate vote for PGD to be allowed in principle to determine the viability of embryos and for a catalog of indications to be established. One member of the ethics council, the philosophy professor Lübbe, abstained.

As Catenhusen emphasized in the presentation of the statement at the Federal Press Conference, the constitutional status of the embryo in vitro could be determined “not without dispute” in particular: While the opponents of PGD due to belonging to the human species, the continuity of development, the moral Identity and potentiality consider the human embryo as fully worthy of protection in the sense of the Basic Law from the time of nuclear fusion, the proponents of a restricted PGD do not see the species-specific affiliation as the decisive criterion, but rather the individual life that emerges, whereby they see several caesuras in the prenatal one Accept development. In addition, proponents of limited pre-implantation diagnostics assume that in the event of a prohibition the legislature will contradict § 218ff StGB (abortion) in particular.

When presenting the statement and during the discussion with the members of the Bundestag on the occasion of the second parliamentary evening on March 23, 2011, Woopen summarized the respective arguments for the positive vote and Huber for the negative vote.

Dementia and self-determination

In February 2010, the German Ethics Council set up a working group under the leadership of Michael Wunder, a member of the Ethics Council, to prepare a statement on the subject of dementia and self-determination. After Wunder had already given an introductory lecture on this complex of questions at the public meeting of the Ethics Council on June 24, 2010 and discussed it with the members of the Council, a public conference was held on November 24, 2010 in Hamburg with the participation of external speakers on this topic, the results of which should be incorporated into the opinion of the Ethics Council. The experts at this conference included the director of the Institute for Gerontology at the University of Heidelberg, Andreas Kruse and the gerontologist and former Federal Minister for Family Affairs Ursula Lehr , and two people affected by dementia, Helga Rohra and Christian Zimmermann, were among the speakers. At the closed meeting of the Ethics Council on August 25, 2011, the corresponding statement was discussed and published on April 24, 2012.

Intersex

After the German Ethics Council in its series of events Bioethics Forum, a public conference on the problem of already 23 June 2010 intersexuality had done was done at the end of the first time an order on the part of the Federal Government to the German Ethics Council, a report intersexual on the situation of people in Germany to compose.

In preparation for this statement, the German Ethics Council organized a public online discourse process from May 2nd to August 7th, 2011, in which more than 700 people affected, scientists and practitioners participated and which attracted great interest with over 34,000 page views. The results of a public hearing that the Ethics Council held on June 8, 2011 with those affected as well as experts from various disciplines on the subject also flowed into this discourse. At the closed plenary meeting of the Ethics Council on October 27, 2011, the opinion that was being prepared was discussed. In addition to the actual statement, the German Ethics Council published the documentation Intersexuality in Discourse and the report written by Alfons Bora on the online survey on the situation of intersex people .

Human-animal hybrid beings in research

On September 27, 2011, the German Ethics Council published a statement entitled Human-Animal Hybrid in Research , in which it reinforced the prohibition in the Embryo Protection Act on transferring human embryos to an animal or interspecies chimeras or hybrids using human embryos to manufacture. The Ethics Council advocates forbidding the reverse method of introducing animal material into humans and for forbidding the transmission of human-animal hybrids. Part of the Ethics Council also voted to include in the Embryo Protection Act a ban on producing cytoplasmic hybrids ( cybrids ); whereas council member Kollek considers the production of cybrids to be ethically justifiable, since it does not appear to be human embryos capable of development.

Genetic diagnostics

On April 30, 2013, the Ethics Council published its opinion entitled “The future of genetic diagnostics - from research to clinical application”, including two special opinions on the recommendations on prenatal diagnostics dealt with in the opinion.

Biosecurity - Freedom and Responsibility in Science

In the statement "Biosafety - Freedom and Responsibility in Science" of May 7, 2014, the German Ethics Council discussed whether the legal regulations in force in Germany are sufficient to minimize the potential for abuse of biosafety-relevant research. The Ethics Council advocates the creation of a nationwide research code, the heightening of awareness of the risk of abuse in the scientific community, and the establishment of a new commission to advise researchers and examine projects with a view to the dual-use problem. He also called on the scientific community and the federal government to work internationally for the development of comparable standards.

Incest ban

In the statement of September 24, 2014, the majority of the Ethics Council called for the ban on incest to be lifted . Accordingly, consensual sex between adult siblings should no longer be made a criminal offense. Nine members of the Ethics Council uphold the criminality of incest in a minority vote. The trigger for the resolution were judgments of the Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, which had confirmed the incest ban in Germany.

Brain death and decision to donate organs

In the statement published on February 24, 2015 with the title "Brain death and decision to donate organs", the German Ethics Council sees a need for action in transparency, information and communication on the subject of organ donation, as well as in the legal regulation of organ-protective measures before the determination of brain death. In a dissenting vote, a minority of the council spoke out against such a legal regulation.

Embryo donation, embryo adoption and parental responsibility

On March 22, 2016, the German Ethics Council published a statement entitled "Embryo donation, embryo adoption and parental responsibility". With special consideration of the child's well-being as a normative requirement, the German Ethics Council recommends a legal regulation for the transfer and assumption of parental rights and obligations when donating surplus embryos. Documentation in a central location is intended to guarantee the child's right to receive information about his parentage.

Patient welfare as an ethical benchmark for the hospital

In a statement published on April 5, 2016, the German Ethics Council calls for patient well-being as a normative measure in the design of hospital care. From this point of view, better communication and the care situation in the hospital are recommended , as well as further developments of the DRG system , especially with regard to patient groups with special needs .

Big data and health - data sovereignty as an informational freedom design

On November 30, 2017, the German Ethics Council published the statement "Big data and health - data sovereignty as informational freedom". The German Ethics Council gives specific recommendations for action to promote trust and responsibility, as well as to develop the potential of big data in the health sector while maintaining justice, solidarity, individual freedom and privacy. Data sovereignty is defined as "responsible, informational freedom", which the German Ethics Council demands to protect through the creation of legal, extra-legal and technical framework conditions.

Help through coercion? Professional care relationships in the field of tension between well-being and self-determination

On November 1, 2018, the German Ethics Council published the statement “Help through coercion? Professional care relationships in the field of tension between well-being and self-determination ”. Compulsory measures based on charity and welfare are common in many areas of social and health care. These include measures that deprive the patient of their liberty, such as placement in clinics and other inpatient facilities against the will of the person concerned or the attachment of bed rails or restraint belts, medical treatments or care measures against the will of a patient or so-called intensive educational measures in the children - and youth welfare. The statement is intended firstly to sensitize the public to the difficult problem area of ​​professional help through coercion in the area of ​​tension between well-being and self-determination, secondly to point out policy and implementation deficits to policy and implementation deficits and contribute with recommendations, and thirdly, the health and social professions contribute support the reorientation of their self-image and their practice as professional carers.

Is vaccination a duty?

On June 27, 2019, the council published a statement on mandatory vaccination, in which it spoke out against mandatory vaccination. The council praised the advantages of vaccinations and referred to a “moral” obligation to vaccinate, but they reject legally binding vaccinations. The Council saw in particular the coercive measures associated with such an obligation as problematic, as they could lead to trauma to children and loss of trust among parents. However, a majority of the council spoke out in favor of bans from working against unvaccinated employees in the health, social and educational sectors. Furthermore, state medical associations should be able to impose sanctions against doctors who publicly disseminate false information about vaccinations.

Interventions in the human germline

The German Ethics Council has been following and shaping the discourse on germline interventions in humans for a long time. On September 29, 2017, in his unanimously adopted ad-hoc recommendation “Germline interventions in the human embryo”, he named some of the numerous open questions and possible consequences of systematic genome changes in humans and in December 2017 began to prepare a statement on the topic was published on May 9, 2019. In the statement, the council members come to seven unanimous recommendations, including the demand for a moratorium on application, but also the agreement that the human germ line is not categorically inviolable. However, there are different positions and arguments on many questions. In its opinion, the German Ethics Council examines these in detail and visualizes the possible decision-making paths and their consequences in a decision tree.
On March 3, 2020, a joint declaration by the ethics councils of Germany, France and Great Britain was published on the subject. The three ethics councils call on governments and stakeholders around the world to put ethical considerations at the center of any future discussion of germline interference and the development of global regulatory approaches.

Robotics and care

The aim of the statement published on March 10, 2020 is to investigate the complex normative questions in the development and use of robotic systems in care, taking into account current robot technologies and their possible uses. The focus is on the opportunities for increased use of robotics in nursing, which arise from the point of view of the people in need of care, the (caring) relatives and relatives as well as the nursing staff. Particularly with regard to the various robot technologies, from assistance and monitoring robots to companion robots, there are very different evaluation perspectives that require deeper analysis.

"Sensible" treatment of animals

The Council takes current debates as an opportunity to critically examine the handling of so-called farm animals from a legal and ethical perspective. The working group will focus on differences and discrepancies in dealing with and relationships with different animals as well as the apparent tensions between animal welfare requirements and certain aspects of agricultural practice. In June 2020, the Ethics Council reprimanded the federal government and called for reforms to achieve minimum standards in the handling of farm animals.

Ad hoc recommendations

Since 2013, the German Ethics Council has published ad-hoc recommendations in which it can comment on current issues at short notice and to a limited extent. Previous ad hoc recommendations have covered the following topics:

  • Stem cell research - new challenges for the cloning ban and the handling of artificially generated germ cells? (published September 15, 2014)
  • Regulating assisted suicide in an open society : German Ethics Council recommends legal strengthening of suicide prevention (published on December 19, 2014)
  • Suicide prevention instead of suicide assistance. Reminder of a claim by the German Ethics Council on the occasion of a decision by the Federal Administrative Court (published on June 1, 2017)
  • Germline interventions in the human embryo: German Ethics Council calls for global political discourse and international regulation (published on September 29, 2017)
  • Challenges in Dealing with Rare Diseases (published November 23, 2018)
  • Trans-Identity in Children and Adolescents: Therapeutic Controversies - Ethical Orientations (ad hoc recommendation published on February 21, 2020)
  • Joint declaration on the ethics of interference with the human germline, joint declaration by the ethics councils of Germany, France and Great Britain (published March 3, 2020)
  • Solidarity and responsibility in the corona crisis (published on March 27, 2020)

Other publications

In addition to the verbatim minutes of the public meetings and events as well as the sometimes extensive statements, the German Ethics Council publishes three times a year in a so-called information letter summarizing reports and information on its own activities, which are intended to inform the public. In accordance with the requirements of the EthRG, the German Ethics Council also publishes detailed annual reports to the Bundestag and the federal government.

International Exchange

The German Ethics Council maintains an intensive exchange with its partner committees in other European countries.
On November 8th, 2012, a trilateral meeting with the British Nuffield Council on Bioethics and the French Comité Consultatif National d'Éthique (CCNE) took place in Berlin. Further trilateral meetings of the ethics councils of Germany, France and Great Britain were organized in 2009, 2016 and 2019.
Meetings of the ethics councils of Germany, Austria and Switzerland took place in 2014 and 2017.
From March 16 to 18, 2016, representatives of national ethics and bioethics committees as well as members of international organizations from the life sciences came to the 11th Global Summit, the meeting of the world's national ethics / bioethics committees, together.

criticism

The establishment of the German Ethics Council was, as with its predecessor, the National Ethics Council, accompanied by a controversial social debate. It is viewed critically that nine-tenths of the committee is selected by the government; 50 percent of the council members are determined directly by the government. The proportionally large influence of religious worldview is also criticized. At least 17 members (including the chairman) currently have a religious worldview from their work, commitment or family background.

Peter Dabrock, the former chairman of the German Ethics Council (2016–2020), has been the head of an advisory group for the Internet company Facebook since January 2018 .

See also

literature

  • Gordian Ezazi: Ethics Councils in Politics. Genesis, self-image and working method of the German Ethics Council. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-12251-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German Ethics Council: Mandate ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed June 25, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  2. ^ The reports for the years 2008 and 2009 also as Bundestag printed matter 16/12510 and 17/1540; as well as the latest annual report for 2010 under German Ethics Council: Annual reports. Archived from the original on March 29, 2011 ; Retrieved March 29, 2011 .
  3. ↑ See Bundestag printed paper 16/5128
  4. ↑ On the first of these parliamentary evenings cf. the annual report 2010, p. 6, on the second parliamentary evening on March 23, 2011 cf. German Ethics Council: press release. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 28, 2011 ; Retrieved March 29, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  5. ↑ German Ethics Council (ed.), Annual Report 2018, Berlin 2019, p. 55, https://www.ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/jahresberichte/deutsch/jahresbericht-2018.pdf , in: Deutscher Ethikrat, accessed on 17 April 2020.
  6. ↑ Annual Meetings. (No longer available online.) German Ethics Council, archived from the original on April 30, 2011 ; Retrieved April 11, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  7. ↑ Topics and protocols available at Forum Bioethik. (No longer available online.) German Ethics Council, archived from the original on December 1, 2011 ; Retrieved April 11, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  8. ^ Establishment of a National Ethics Council. (No longer available online.) April 25, 2001, archived from the original on April 10, 2011 ; Retrieved February 28, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  9. ↑ These publications can be accessed via the archive of the website of the German Ethics Council National Ethics Council. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 25, 2016 ; Retrieved March 15, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  10. ^ Members newly appointed. (PDF; 453 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Infobrief. Information and news from the German Ethics Council. July 2010, p. 11 , archived from the original on June 7, 2011 ; Retrieved March 3, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  11. ↑ Peter Dabrock new chairman of the German Ethics Council. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on January 10, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ethikrat.org  
  12. ↑ Website of the German Ethics Council, press release from April 29, 2020, https://www.ethikrat.org/mitteilungen/2020/bundestagspraesident-wolfgang-schaeuble-beruft-träger-des-deutschen-ethikrates/ , accessed on May 15, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Website of the German Ethics Council, press release of May 28, 2020, https://www.ethikrat.org/mitteilungen/2020/alena-buyx-neue-vorsitzende-des-deutschen-ethikrates/ , accessed on June 2, 2020.
  14. ^ German Ethics Council: Workshop life. In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011 ; Retrieved November 25, 2011 .
  15. ↑ German Ethics Council: PRESS RELEASE 10/2011. In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011 ; Retrieved October 14, 2011 .
  16. ↑ German Ethics Council: PRESSEMITTEILUNG 2/2012. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 30, 2012 ; Retrieved August 24, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  17. ↑ Cohesion in the face of demographic change. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; accessed on September 10, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  18. ↑ German Ethics Council: PRESS RELEASE 9/2012. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 27, 2012 ; Retrieved August 24, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Critical to Ezazi, Gordian (2012): Trends of ethical policy advice. How the Ethics Council makes politics - illustrated by the example of the circumcision question. (PDF; 631 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  19. ↑ Publications / Statements, https://www.ethikrat.org/publikationen/ategorie/stellunghaben/ , in: Deutscher Ethikrat, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  20. ↑ Current Ethics Council topics, https://www.ethikrat.org/themen/aktuelle-ethikratthemen/ , in: German Ethics Council, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  21. ↑ Annual meeting. Well get it! Dimensions of nutritional responsibility, https://www.ethikrat.org/jahrestagungen/wohl-bekomms-dimensions-der-ernaehrungsverendung/ , in: German Ethics Council, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  22. ↑ Annual Report 2008. (PDF; 137 kB) (No longer available online.) P. 8 , archived from the original on May 31, 2011 ; Retrieved March 3, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  23. ^ German Ethics Council: Statement of the German Ethics Council. (PDF; 402 kB) The problem of anonymous child submission. (No longer available online.) November 26, 2009, archived from the original on October 11, 2010 ; Retrieved February 25, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  24. ↑ Disputes baby hatch. Press release. (No longer available online.) February 24, 2011, archived from the original on March 2, 2011 ; Retrieved March 7, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  25. ↑ lehmkuhl-study-baby-flaps-u-offers-z-anonymous-birth-id-deutsch-presse.pdf (application / pdf object). In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011 ; Retrieved October 16, 2011 .
  26. ^ National Ethics Council: Biobanks for Research. (PDF; 373 kB) Statement. (No longer available online.) March 2004, archived from the original on April 10, 2011 ; Retrieved March 7, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  27. ^ Final report of the study commission "Law and Ethics of Modern Medicine". (PDF; 1.9 MB) German Bundestag, May 14, 2002, archived from the original on April 5, 2011 ; Retrieved April 5, 2011 .
  28. ^ German Ethics Council: Statement of the German Ethics Council. (PDF; 277 kB) Human biobanks for research. (No longer available online.) June 25, 2010, archived from the original on January 5, 2015 ; Retrieved February 25, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  29. ^ German Ethics Council: Expert discussion. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 28, 2011 ; Retrieved March 29, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  30. ↑ Cf. the final reports of the two inquiry commissions Law and Ethics of Modern Medicine and Ethics and Law of Modern Medicine , Bundestag printed paper 14/9020, p. 189, and 15/5980, p. 80.
  31. ^ German Ethics Council: Statement of the German Ethics Council. (PDF; 402 kB) Benefits and costs in health care - the normative function of their assessment. (No longer available online.) January 27, 2011, archived from the original on February 5, 2011 ; Retrieved February 25, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  32. ^ German Ethics Council: Benefits and costs in the health system - on the normative function of their assessment. (PDF; 402 kB) p. 96f. , archived from the original on March 31, 2011 ; accessed on March 31, 2011 .
  33. ^ German Ethics Council: Hearing. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 12, 2011 ; Retrieved March 29, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  34. ^ German Ethics Council: Statement of the German Ethics Council. (PDF; 620 kB) Preimplantation Diagnostics. (No longer available online.) March 8, 2011, archived from the original on April 9, 2011 ; Retrieved March 9, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  35. ↑ A summary of the different votes in press release 3/2011. (PDF; 89 kB) German Ethics Council presents position on pre-implantation diagnostics. (No longer available online.) March 8, 2011, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; Retrieved March 9, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  36. ↑ See her interview on the subject in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung: Not to be determined without dispute. FAS, March 13, 2011, p. 64.
  37. ↑ The almost identical statements on both occasions can be found on the German Ethics Council: Homepage. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011 ; Retrieved April 4, 2011 .
  38. ↑ infobrief-2010-02-online.pdf (application / pdf object). (PDF; 453 kB) In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011 ; Retrieved June 7, 2011 .
  39. ↑ German Ethics Council: Dementia - End of Self-Determination? In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011 ; Retrieved June 7, 2011 .
  40. ^ German Ethics Council: Plenary meeting on August 25, 2011. (No longer available online.) In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011 ; Retrieved September 8, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  41. ^ Opinion on dementia. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 21, 2012 ; Retrieved July 16, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  42. ^ German Ethics Council: Annual report. (PDF; 995 kB) 2010. p. 6 , archived from the original on March 29, 2011 ; Retrieved March 29, 2011 .
  43. ↑ German Ethics Council: PRESS RELEASE 09/2011. (No longer available online.) In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011 ; Retrieved September 8, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  44. ^ German Ethics Council: Discourse Procedure Intersexuality. In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011 ; Retrieved June 7, 2011 . In this context, the German Ethics Council protested against a critical press release by an organization for those affected by the German Ethics Council: Statement by the German Ethics Council on the press release from "Zwischengeschlecht.org" of July 19, 2011. In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011 ; Retrieved August 22, 2011 .
  45. ^ German Ethics Council: Plenary session on October 27, 2011. In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011 ; Retrieved October 24, 2011 .
  46. ^ Publications on intersexuality. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 21, 2012 ; Retrieved July 16, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  47. ↑ position-opinion-human-animal-mixture-in-research.pdf (application / pdf-object). (PDF; 424 kB) In: ethikrat.org. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011 ; Retrieved October 5, 2011 .
  48. ↑ The future of genetic diagnostics - from research to clinical application. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 9, 2014 ; accessed on September 10, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  49. ↑ Ethics Council presents opinion on biosafety. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 28, 2016 ; accessed on January 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  50. ↑ The Ethics Council demands the lifting of the incest ban on Deutschlandfunk. Retrieved September 27, 2014 .
  51. ^ German Ethics Council publishes position paper on brain death and decision on organ donation. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 14, 2018 ; accessed on January 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  52. ↑ German Ethics Council recommends legal regulation of the donation and adoption of surplus embryos. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 27, 2016 ; accessed on January 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  53. ↑ German Ethics Council calls for patient welfare to be anchored as a benchmark for the hospital. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 12, 2016 ; accessed on January 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  54. ↑ German Ethics Council calls for patient welfare to be anchored as a benchmark for the hospital. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 6, 2018 ; accessed on January 10, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  55. ↑ When can people be protected from themselves? Retrieved February 1, 2018 .
  56. ↑ Adelheid Müller-Lissner: "Ethics Council is against compulsion to vaccinate" Tagesspiegel of June 27, 2019
  57. ↑ "German Ethics Council: Package of measures to increase the measles vaccination rate instead of a general vaccination requirement " ethikrat.org of June 27, 2019
  58. ↑ Interventions in the human germ line, https://www.ethikrat.org/themen/medizin-und-gesundheit/eingriff-in-die-menschliche-keimbahn/ , in: Deutscher Ethikrat, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  59. ↑ interventions in the human germ line, opinion, https://www.ethikrat.org/publikationen/publikationsdetail/?tx_wwt3shop_detail%5Bproduct%5D=119&tx_wwt3shop_detail%5Baction%5D=index&tx_wwt3shop_detail%5Bcontroller%5D=Products&cHash=25e88ad52f8b75d311510a9bf7a8dc86 in: German Ethics Council , accessed on April 17, 2020.
  60. ↑ Comité Consultatif National d'Éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé, German Ethics Council, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Joint Statement on the Ethics of Heritable Human Genome Editing, https://www.ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen /Ad-hoc-Empfänke/englisch/joint-statement-on-the-ethics-of-heritable-human-genome-editing.pdf , in: Deutscher Ethikrat, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  61. ↑ Robotics for good care, https://www.ethikrat.org/themen/aktuelle-ethikratthemen/robotik-und-pflege/ , in: Deutscher Ethikrat, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  62. ^ "Sensible" handling of animals, https://www.ethikrat.org/themen/aktuelle-ethikratthemen/vernuenftiger-umgang-mit-tieren/ , in: German Ethics Council, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  63. ↑ Ethics Council calls for greater respect for animal welfare in livestock farming , from June 16, 2020 in Topagrar.com
  64. ↑ https://www.ethikrat.org/publikationen/ , Publications, in: Website of the German Ethics Council, accessed on April 17, 2020.
  65. ↑ Ethics Council calls for fairer care for people with rare diseases. Retrieved February 1, 2019 .
  66. ↑ Trans-Identity in Children and Adolescents: Therapeutic Controversies - Ethical Orientations, Ad Hoc Recommendation. https://www.ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/Ad-hoc-Empfänke/deutsch/ad-hoc-empfehl-trans-identitaet.pdf , in: Website of the German Ethics Council, February 21, 2020, accessed on 16. April 2020.
  67. ^ Joint Statement on the Ethics of Heritable Human Genome Editing. https://www.ethikrat.org/fileadmin/Publikationen/Ad-hoc-Empfänke/englisch/joint-statement-on-the-ethics-of-heritable-human-genome-editing.pdf , in: Website of the German Ethics Council , March 3, 2020, accessed on April 16, 2020.
  68. ↑ Solidarity and responsibility in the Corona crisis. German Ethics Council, accessed on March 27, 2020 .
  69. ↑ Info letter. Information and news from the German Ethics Council. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 1, 2011 ; Retrieved March 4, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ethikrat.org
  70. ↑ Trilateral meeting of the ethics councils of Germany, France and Great Britain on 17 December 2009 in Berlin. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/trilaterales-treffen-der-ethikraete-deutschlands-frankreichs-und-gross Britiens-am-17-dezember-2009-in-berlin/ , in: website of the German Ethics Council, accessed on April 16, 2020.
  71. ↑ Trilateral meeting of the ethics councils of Germany, France and Britain on November 8, 2012 in Berlin. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/trilaterales-treffen-der-ethikraete-deutschlands-frankreichs-und-gross Britiens-am-8-november-2012-in-berlin/ , in: Website of the German Ethics Council. German Ethics Council, accessed April 16, 2020.
  72. ↑ Trilateral meeting of the ethics councils of Germany, France and Britain on October 21, 2016 in Berlin. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/trilaterales-treffen-der-ethikraete-deutschlands-frankreichs-und-gross Britiens-am-21-oktober-2016-in-berlin/ , in: website of the German Ethics Council, accessed on April 16, 2020.
  73. ↑ Trilateral meeting of the ethics councils of Germany, France and Great Britain on November 13, 2019 in Berlin. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/trilaterales-treffen-der-ethikraete-deutschlands-frankreichs-und-gross Britiens-am-13-november-2019-in-berlin/ , in: website of the German Ethics Council. German Ethics Council, accessed April 16, 2020.
  74. ↑ Second meeting of the German-speaking bioethics commissions. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/zweites-treffen-der-deutschsprachigen-bioethikkommissions/ , in: Website of the German Ethics Council. German Ethics Council, accessed April 16, 2020.
  75. ↑ meeting of the ethics councils of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/treffen-der-ethikraete-deutschlands-oesterreichs-und-der-schweiz/ , in: Website of the German Ethics Council. German Ethics Council, accessed April 16, 2020.
  76. ↑ Global Summit of National Ethics / Bioethics Committees. https://www.ethikrat.org/weiter-veranstaltungen/global-summit-of-national-ethicsbioethics-committees/ , in: website of the German Ethics Council, accessed on April 16, 2020.
  77. ^ Discussion about the establishment of a parliamentary ethics advisory body / German ethics council . In: kritischebioethik.de . April 27, 2007. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  78. ↑ Dieter Kassel: German Ethics Council under criticism . In: deutschlandfunkkultur.de . July 3, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  79. ↑ The Ethics Council - a bad design? . In: gen-ethisches-netzwerk.de . July 3, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  80. ^ Gisela Klinkhammer: German Ethics Council: The government approves . In: aerzteblatt.de . November 17, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  81. ^ Elke Schäfer: The German Ethics Council . In: fowid.de . January 30, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  82. ↑ Sonja Alvarez: How close are the German Ethics Council and Facebook? . In: tagesspiegel.de . April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2020.