Gender asterisk

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Teacher
The asterisk as a gender symbol to
abbreviate the pair form “teacher”
and to include non-binary people

Gender Star ( chen ), including gender asterisk or gender Star (of English gender [dʒɛndɐ] "social gender") refers to the use of the asterisk (Asterisk) as a means of gender-sensitive in German in order to denote people female addition to male and to make typographically visible and include other genders and gender identities (compare Divers , Third Gender ). That as a placeholderWell-known characters  * are used to avoid the generic masculine (artist) , to replace the slash in the shortened pair form (artists) and to expand the meaning: artists . In the singular , a person can be called that is not male or female ( non-binary ): Alex is a * e * Artist in . The asterisk can be unsuitable if there are no two individually legible expressions, for example "colleague" ( colleague missing), umlaut such as "doctor" ( doctor missing) or grammatical references that do not match : "a * e Member of Parliament "(see problem cases with short forms ).

The gender star spread from 2009 onwards as a further development of the notation with gender gap proposed in 2003 (artists) . The word “gender star” was voted Anglicism of the Year in 2018 . When speaking , the asterisk can be resolved into both names (artists) or expressed with a short pause in speaking ( gender pause ): [ˈkʏnstlɐ ʔ ɪnən] Künstler-innen, which corresponds to a glottic stroke . However, the use of an asterisk inside the word is not part of the official spelling . The German Spelling Council observed it carefully, but did not recommend it for inclusion in the official regulations in 2021, after the spelling dudes had listed the asterisk in 2020 as an option for "gender-equitable use of language" which is not covered by the official regulations. The Society for German Language does not recognize the asterisk, other gender symbols or gender breaks as suitable means of implementing non-discriminatory language. In addition to ZDF , some media also use the asterisk for gendering ; some authorities and administrations in German-speaking countries recommend its use for internal and external communication in their language guides, such as the city ​​administration of Hanover and the University of Vienna . With the same effect, the city of Lübeck and some media have been using the gender colon since 2019 (employees: inside) .

pronunciation

Glottal beat

ʔ
IPA - sound symbol
for the
glottic stroke

listen to: [ˌʔaːʔaˈʔaː]

In order to clarify the gender asterisk or another gender symbol as a placeholder for other possible genders and gender identities , it is usually indicated with a tiny pause when speaking (“gender pause”), comparable to a spoken word fugue . In technical terms, this is a glottic stroke (voiceless, glottal closure sound ), which is displayed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the question mark-like sound symbol " ʔ ". This acoustic effect corresponds to the small moment that occurs when distinguishing between two syllables or independent vowels, for example when pronouncing the verb “pay attention”: [bəˈ ʔ axtʰən] be-achten. In pronunciation training , the acoustic effect is also called "crackling sound". The glottal stop ( English glottal stop ) also plays a role in the song , as many speakers start in pop songs , a song line from such a plosive ( plosive ) out.

Abbreviated spellings with gender symbols are spoken like two hyphenated words : Künstler-innen[ˈkʏnstlɐˌ ʔ  ɪnən]. The preceding “r” is audibly omitted during the pause and the emphasis is shifted to the ending -innen , which clearly differs the pronunciation from the normal feminine form of women artists (here the “r” remains audible). This applies to the star in artists , the gender colon in artists , the gender gap in artists and the media point in artists , sometimes also bisexual abbreviations such as the inner I in artists or the gender slash in artists / inside . In contrast, according to Google , the two officially recognized abbreviation forms slash plus hyphen : / -Innen artist , or bracketed : Artist (s) to read as complete Beidnennung: artists . Both short forms can also be spoken with a glottic stroke (see pronunciation of short forms ).

Luise F. Pusch , pioneer of feminist linguistics, claims the invention of the gender-speaking pause : “Glottal stroke - I invented that! In 1985 or 86, when the capital I was beginning to take hold, I was asked: How should you pronounce that? My answer: with a mini pause, now also known as a crackling sound. It is available in many German words. ”In September 2020, Pusch explained the increased use of the glottic stroke in public media organizations since the Corona crisis , the“ crackling sound for the 'declaration' of femininity with gender stars for mixed-sex groups: experts, citizens * interior assembly "is" perfectly gender-equitable ".

Reading programs

The usual reading programs ( screen readers ) still have difficulties with the appropriate pronunciation of the gender star and, for example, literally output “artist stars” (as of December 2020 with the standard setting). Under certain circumstances, however, the character is read out as “asterisk”, “asterisk” or “pause”, sometimes not at all, so that only the feminine word form is pronounced ( misunderstood as generic feminine ). A gender gap is read out as "artists-underscores", an internal I as "artists" without a break. Only the colon creates a small pause when reading aloud: "Artists: inside", depending on the software used and your adjusted setting, the pause after a colon can be a little longer and the impression that the sentence has come to an end is created.

With regard to accessibility , the website of the European Social Fund (at the German Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs ) declared in October 2019 that the announcement of special characters such as asterisk or underscore in screen readers can be switched off or replaced by a space: Artists .

Also Braille displays for visually impaired or blind people have such defects because they process usually only the output of a screen reader. For both types of program, asterisks and underscores have not yet been considered clearly accessible; for this reason, the colon is recommended in some current language guides.

Criticism from the DBSV

The German Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired (DBSV) published its own guidelines in April 2019 under the title Gender (updated in June 2020); Basically, it is noted: "A preceding sentence that personal designations are to be understood as gender-neutral is not enough." In order to ensure readability, paired designations should be formulated (employees) . "Gender using special characters and typography [...] is not recommended" (employees, employees, employees, employees) . On the issue of gendering male / female / diverse it says briefly with reference to the advice for German spelling : "It is too early to make a decision on this." Here, however, a preceding sentence on neutrality is made possible as a "transitional solution" for longer texts. At the end of 2020 "Explanations on the position of the DBSV" were added.

Criticism from the GfdS

The Society for German Language (GfdS) - founded in 1947 and co-financed by the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs  - has its own editorial staff at the German Bundestag to advise the federal and state governments on all language issues, to check texts of all kinds for linguistic accuracy and comprehensibility , as well as inquiries about gender equality Formulate and style , grammar and spelling .

In August 2020, the GfdS stated in response to its rejection of the gender star ( see below ) that gender breaks are generally problematic and not recommended: “If the gender asterisk or a comparable form is ignored as a symbol when reading a text, the feminine form becomes spoken (reader) . This can no longer be viewed as gender-equitable or gender-neutral . A gender pause between the masculine form and the movement suffix does not correspond to the pronunciation norms. There are also cases in which the masculine form and the moving suffix are used as separate words for a brief moment - e.g. B: Players and inside (vs. outside ) - to be understood. "The following was noted on reading programs:" Asterisks, underscores and colons are not interpreted in a uniform manner, accessibility is restricted. "In particular, it remains unclear how gender breaks are to be written :

“If gender pauses are used in the spoken language as the equivalent of gender asterisks or comparable forms, it is unclear how these should be written down (e.g. when a speech is recorded). It is not audible which variant (asterisk, underscore, colon, etc.) is intended by the speaking person; Notes such as pause are not common or desirable in all types of text . "

history

prehistory

Early occurrences of double entries can be found, for example, in a Nuremberg police ordinance in 1478 , which decreed that "no citizen, guest or guest in this city of Nuremberg [...] should beg". In the 19th century, a shortened spelling with brackets was developed for paired personal names, in which the feminine word ending is added in brackets to the masculine name: pupil ( female ) . From the 1940s the spelling with a slash plus hyphen became widespread : pupils . In the context of the second women's movement from the 1960s onwards, the slash was increasingly used to make women visible, while the use of purely masculine personal names for gender generalization was still common ( generic masculine : pupil ).

From the late 1970s onwards, feminist linguistics developed the concept of “ gender-sensitive language ” and appropriate formulation options in order to treat women equally linguistically. This development was promoted by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979 and by the United Nations published in 1987 Guide to Non-Sexist Language (Guide for a non- sexist use of language).

In 1981 the proposal came up to merge the slash with the following small "i" into a capital letter "I", referred to as the inner I : pupils . Subsequently, the queer theory criticized the fact that the Binnen-I only emphasized two- sexes , but that other genders and gender identities such as non-binary or intersex persons remained linguistically excluded (compare gender ).

In 2003, it was proposed to expand the bisexual short forms with a slash or internal I by adding an underscore between the root or the masculine word form and the feminine ending in order to open up “another place of sexuality”: pupils . This gender- inclusive notation was subsequently referred to as the gender gap or gender gap (“gender gap ”).

Trans asterisk

The character asterisk (asterisk *) has been used on computer systems for over 50 years, among other things as a placeholder ( wildcard ) for any character string ; for example, a Windows search for *.txtall existing text files shows , with the superscript asterisk representing any file name. In search fields, typing would A*display all results that begin with the letter "A".

The earliest use of the asterisk ( English asterisk or star ) as part of a word can be found in the 1990s in the designation trans * in English-speaking LGBT communities, known as trans asterisk or trans star . This is what the British lexicographer Jonathan Dent said in April 2018 when the word was added to the Oxford English Dictionary with the following meaning:

" Trans *: originally used to include explicitly both transsexual and transgender, or (now usually) to indicate the inclusion of gender identities such as gender-fluid, agender, etc., alongside transsexual and transgender"

" Trans *: originally used to expressly include both transsexual and transgender or (usually today) also gender fluids, agender and other gender identities "

- Oxford English Dictionary (2018)

According to Alexander Regh, in his book contribution Transgender in Germany between transsexual self-help and criticism of the two-gender order: Quo vadis, Trans (whatever)? In other words, the terms trans * and trans * people began to establish themselves in self-determined trans communities in Germany since the mid-1990s. The self-help association TransMann e. V. by Alexander Regh et al. has been using the two spellings trans * and adjectival trans * on its website since 2000.

In 2012, the American author and activist Sam Killermann illustrated in a graphic that was distributed online what the meanings of the asterisk in the word trans were: It stands for a spectrum of transgender gender identities in contrast to cisgender women and men (who deal with their birth gender identify). Killermann names non-binary, genderqueer (“across the genders”), bigender (“both sexes”), two-spirit (“two-minded”), androgynous (“hermaphroditic”), third gender and nine other variants. In 2014, an American article entitled Asterisk stated that the spelling trans * had become common in online gender communities from 2010 onwards , after having only appeared occasionally online or in printed publications in the previous years.

Gender star

Sticker on a sign in Kiel at the Hörnbrücke (2015)
"Worshipers * inside" in a reference to services of the three in one-keitskirche in Hof (2020)

In 2009 the asterisk can be found as a gender star in the guideline for gender equitable use of language by Beatrice Fischer and Michaela Wolf at the Center for Translation Studies at the University of Vienna , intended for use in courses and academic work: “The gender gap can also be expressed with an asterisk *. “Here the underscore (academics) is replaced by the star: academics .

In 2010, an expert opinion by the German Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency mentions the spelling with asterisks in connection with intersex and transgender people: “ Trans * is a fairly young, broad, generic term for a variety of identities and lifestyles that is now widespread in German-speaking countries . The asterisk * serves as a placeholder for various compound words “(word compositions).

Initially, the asterisk was only used in the university environment, but from 2015 it also appeared increasingly in other areas, such as in public administrations and institutions. In documents of the German party Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , the gender star has been the "rule" since a party congress resolution in 2015 in order not to discriminate against intersex and transgender people .

It was introduced in 2017 for official documents from the Berlin Senate ; it had already been used in the Berlin coalition agreement in 2016. The star can also be found in some organization names: Federation of German-speaking Anarchists (from 2013), Professional Association of Visual Artists Berlin (from 2017) or International Confederation of Workers (from 2018). In 2017 there was the online encyclopedia Agent * In for a short time . In March 2021, a nationwide association of media professionals included the asterisk in its name: New German Media Makers .

Word origin

“Gendersternchen” is a newly coined word ( neologism ) that only developed from the original German terms “Genderstar” and “Gender-Star” at the end of the 2010s. This designation for the character “ asterisk ” was a pseudo loan word formation from English : gender means the social gender and star a celestial star . "Sternchen" (instead of "Stern") is the common name in typography and writing for the character and a Germanization of the also common name Asterisk (from Latin asteriscus "Sternchen", to aster and ancient Greek astēr "Stern"). The word "Gendersternchen" is not an actual loan word , because the character is not used generally in the written English language - in English personal names have no grammatical gender and are gender-neutral (see gender language in English ).

Anglicism of the year 2018

The word “gender star” was chosen as “ Anglicism of the year 2018 ”. This did not mean its meaning as a gender sign, only the word formation; the chairman of the jury Anatol Stefanowitsch summarized: "Whether the gender asterisk enriches the German language remains to be seen - the word gender asterisk definitely is."

spelling, orthography

Dealing with the gender star is not part of the official spelling rules .

German Spelling Council

In 2018, the Council for German Spelling (RdR) also analyzed the occurrence of the gender asterisk in text types and existing guidelines and initially determined in comparison to the Binnen-I : “The frequency of this form is still 15 times greater than that of the asterisk. […] With the increase in the frequency of the asterisks, the gender-equitable spelling with pair forms declines . ”In its report, the Council did not want to make a recommendation for inclusion in the official spelling, but stated that

“The social discourse on the question of how a third gender or other genders can be appropriately designated in addition to male and female is very controversial. Nevertheless, the right of people who do not feel they belong to either the male or female sex to an appropriate linguistic designation is a concern that should also be reflected in the written language . The observation of the written language currently shows [...] various orthographic means of expression such as underscore ( gender gap ), asterisk (gender star) [...]. "

- German Spelling Council (November 2018)

The council justified this waiting: “The trial phase of various names of the third gender proceeds at different speeds and intensities in the countries of the German-speaking area. It should not be influenced by early recommendations and determinations of the Council for German Spelling. "The Council writes about the asterisk:

“The asterisk is also not generally recognized as a uniform typographical convention. However, in view of the development of the last few years, the asterisk seems to be different from the gender gap and the x-form in the field of universities and public administration (at least in Germany), understandability and probably also legibility to be guaranteed. The question of legal certainty and uniqueness as well as readability remains open.
The Council will continue to carry out analyzes of writing use in various media and groups of writers in order to determine, on a broader basis, whether the observed trends are indications of a possible change in writing . "

In March 2021, the council approved “the inclusion of asterisk ('gender star'), underscore ('gender gap'), colon or other abbreviated forms to identify multiple gender names in the inside of the word in the official German spelling rules at this time not recommended."

Duden

At the beginning of 2020, Duden took up the word “gender star” online and gives two examples: “the gender star for 'teachers'; the debate about the gender star ”. The meaning is given as:

"(In the case of personal names) an asterisk placed between the word stem or masculine inflection ending and feminine inflection ending, which should serve the linguistic equal treatment of all genders (e.g. leader *, pilot * in)"

- Duden online (March 2020)

In 2020, the Duden Handbook for Gender Equitable Language declared standardization:

"Currently, in spring 2020, these possibilities, i. H. Binnen-I, Genderstern, Gendergap, Doppelpunkt and Mediopunkt are not yet part of the official spelling, but the first three are recognized as widespread and legitimate means of striving for gender-equitable written expression and are at least also at the meetings of the German Spelling Council discussed - especially the use of the gender star is being closely observed by the Spelling Council. "

- Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer (April 2020)

In August 2020, the 28th edition of the Spelling Dudens was published with a three-page overview of gender-equitable language usage , in which no rules or norms are specified, but only options that can currently be found in German for gender-equitable wording. The dictionary explains the asterisk:

“Spellings like the following are not covered by the official regulations: with gender star (asterisk): students [...]
It can be observed that the variant with gender star is becoming more and more popular in writing practice. It is particularly to be found in contexts in which gender is no longer understood as just female or male and the possibility of further categories should be displayed. "

- Spelling duden (August 2020)

DIN 5008

The edition of DIN 5008 , which was published in March 2020, lists writing and design rules for text and information processing among the examples of addressing a letter with a gender asterisk : "Dear Governing Mayor, Dear District Mayor". Below the list of examples there is a note: “It is increasingly common to use special characters such as '*' or '_' for gendering purposes. It is advisable to observe the development of German spelling. ”Because DIN 5008 does not regulate any spelling issues, neither the use of the asterisk nor that of any other character contradicts the rules of this standard. In an information flyer, Westermann-Verlag names the asterisk among other things “a symbol for gender-equitable language” with the examples “teachers, colleagues” (the examples are not taken verbatim from DIN 5008).

distribution

From 1980 onwards, numerous laws and official regulations in the DA-CH countries require gender equality to be expressed through equal linguistic treatment (see chronology ). After the constitutional rulings on the third gender option “ diverse ” in 2017 in Germany and 2018 in Austria , numerous adapted guides and guidelines on gender-sensitive language were published ; some authorities and administrations now take over officially gender asterisk as typographic means to all biological and social gender ( gender ) include . According to a study by Duden editors and the Institute for German Language , which the news magazine Der Spiegel mentions in March 2021, the gender star is the most frequently used form of gender-sensitive spelling.

In the LGBT scene the star is used as a matter of course, the sexual diversity ( diversity to clarify) of all men: inter * and trans * people, trans * woman * trans man, trans * people . The end of 2020 a study by the German appears Anti-Discrimination Agency , which continues to recommend the use of gender star as the basis ". The gender asterisks or Asterisk * We want the diversity of inter- and transgeschlechtlicher realities and physicality represent" the end of 2020 a guide appears the Federal Association of the communicators (BdKom), who also affirms the shortening of the adjective transgender : “The two adjectives trans * and inter * can also be used without an asterisk. Another accepted term is trans or intersex person . "

2018:

2019:

  • July: The German Women's Council , the association of around 60 nationwide active women's organizations with almost 12 million members, uses the star as the main spelling ("citizens").
  • October: The European Social Fund (ESF), based at the German Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs , uses and recommends the star: "To take into account the 3rd gender ('Divers') and for reasons of accessibility , we prefer the gender star." In With reference to reading programs , the following is explained: “Blind people can also switch off the announcement of special characters such as the gender star by the software.” The city of Kiel will also refer to the ESF's recommendation of the asterisk in June 2020.

2020:

  • April: The Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) recommends not only gender-neutral formulations for appropriate text passages, but also denominations and gender asterisks .
  • November: The Federal Association of Communicators ( BdKom ) declares that it will use gender-neutral terms and gender asterisks as “gender-sensitive language” .
  • November: The Society for German Language chooses the word of the year (1st place: Corona pandemic ): "The gender star (9th place), included in the Duden dictionary in 2020 , symbolizes the increasing discussion about a so-called gender - sensitive or gender- sensitive use of language. […] The Society for German Language advises against using the gender asterisk and comparable spellings ”( see below ).
  • December: The hardware and software developer Microsoft Germany uses the asterisk: “That is why we see gendering as part of an inclusive language, which also includes non-discriminatory and barrier-free language. In our internal and external communication, we work with neutral formulations such as participle forms or use the 'gender asterisk' because this notation includes men and women, but at the same time also opens up space for people who do not feel assigned to any of the binary genders. "

Administrations

2019:

  1. February: Hanover (Lower Saxony) introduces the asterisk for internal and external communication, alongside gender-neutral formulations; the inland I had been used since 2003 .
  2. June: Flensburg (Schleswig-Holstein), in addition to gender-neutral formulations
  3. October: Segeberg district (Schleswig-Holstein)

2020:

  1. January: Filderstadt (Baden-Württemberg)
  2. April: Wolfsburg (Lower Saxony), in addition to gender-neutral formulations
  3. April: Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg), previously Binnen-I, slash and underscore
  4. July: Dresden (Saxony), in addition to gender-neutral formulations
  5. July: Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein), in addition to gender-neutral formulations
  6. October: Karlsruhe (Baden-Württemberg)
  7. November: Frankfurt am Main (Hessen), next to underscore or colon as well as neutral formulations and denominations; As early as 1990, the city council passed a resolution on equality in language

2021:

  1. As of March, spellings with a gender asterisk, colon and other gender-equitable forms in motions , motions for resolutions and justifications for bills are allowed in the German Bundestag ; by then they had been corrected and replaced with the generic masculine .

Universities

The TU9 as an association of nine German universities of technology (German Universities of Technology) has been recommending the gender asterisk since September 2019 to make all genders visible if a neutral formulation is not possible.

In Berlin, the Technical University has been recommending the gender star for “gender-encompassing naming” since 2018. In April 2020, the Film University Babelsberg Konrad Wolf recommends as neutral wording as possible, otherwise the asterisk: “This symbolizes space for people who cannot find themselves in a bisexual system. […] Rather, they are represented by the symbolic asterisk as a link that 'shines' in all directions ”.

In Baden-Württemberg, the University of Konstanz has been applying since January 2020: "In exceptional cases, if no gender paraphrase is possible, the asterisk - the so-called gender asterisk * - can be used as an alternative: For example, speakers."

In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the University of Greifswald has been using the gender star since the Senate officially decided to do so in April 2019.

In North Rhine-Westphalia, the State Equal Opportunities Act of North Rhine-Westphalia has prescribed gender-neutral language for the public service since 1999 : gender-neutral personal designations should be used, or if these cannot be found, the feminine and masculine language form (LGG § 4, see legal text ). Many universities in North Rhine-Westphalia have updated their guidelines on gender-sensitive language and some now recommend the gender asterisk:

  • The University of Cologne has been using both gender star and gender gap since 2014  - in the 6th edition of the guideline Convincing Language the Equal Opportunities Office recommends the asterisk in February 2020: "Because we pursue the goal of depicting all gender identities in our language."
  • The University of Bielefeld uses the gender Star since he was "strongly recommended at the change in the Personal Status Law of 2018 by adding the gender designation, divers' in the summer of 2019 from University Development Commission and the Senate."

In Austria in 2019 end recommends the service facility Human Resources and Gender Equality of the University of Vienna : "To make the reality of gender diversity linguistically visible, should with * gendered be." Reference is here but the problems with screen readers.

media

2016:

  • November: The online magazine ze.tt decides to use the gender star : “Dear users! [...] So that women, men, transsexuals and people of the opposite sex can also be expressed equally in words, we have consciously decided in favor of the * in our reporting. "

2019:

  • February: The Norddeutsche Rundfunk (NDR) recommends the gender star in its internal and external communication (“the musician”), in addition to gender-neutral or generalizing formulations: “To be applied to texts of regulations, official communication and, if necessary, to editorial Texts. "
  • June: The German women's magazine Brigitte introduces the asterisk for gendering in its 65th anniversary edition , along with inclusive wording. The decision was made in spring 2019, explained Claudia Münster, deputy editor-in-chief : "Gender is important as a symbol, message and proof of the use of fair language that includes all genders equally". The reader reactions are still mixed. The generic feminine is also used in places .

2020:

  • January: The Scandinavian streaming service Spotify introduces the gender asterisk without comment: "Artists".
  • February: The media company news aktuell carries out an online survey of German press offices and PR agencies : 14% of the 415 communicators surveyed use gender asterisks. 92 communicators are surveyed in Switzerland: 13% use it (see evaluation table ).
  • March: The editors of dieStandard.at declare on International Women's Day on March 8th, after 20 years of Binnen-I, now to use the gender star "to make more than two genders visible."
  • August: The youth broadcaster Radio Fritz of the RBB announces that it will be the first ARD station to use gender-appropriate speech in its news and, at the request of the editorial team, to use the gender asterisk as a symbol of diversity ; it is expressed with a gender pause . Outside of the newsroom, the moderators are free to decide how and whether they implement gender equality in their own way of speaking.
  • September: The public broadcaster Second German Television ( ZDF and other programs) consistently uses the gender star in its correspondence, after it had already been seen on television on various occasions in the months before and was also heard in places ( spoken with a glottal stroke ). Artistic director Thomas Bellut explained: “There are no management guidelines for communication in journalistic articles, that is, especially in the spoken language. However, it was recommended to the editors of the house to discuss how to address all viewers and to choose the address with a view to the respective target group. "

criticism

See also below: Debates for and against (web links)

The linguist Anatol Stefanowitsch  - an advocate of gender equitable language - criticized the resolution of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen to introduce the gender star in 2015: Its universal meaning is only externally assigned and is not supported by a generally widespread understanding of the symbolic content; the binding nature of its use rule out other forms of gender, including the well-known for decades slash forms and the internal-I .

The feminist linguist Luise F. Pusch - one of the first supporters of the Binnen-I as a gender-equitable solution - criticized the gender star in 2019: "It destroys a grown feminist solution to this problem: the capital I [...] Linguistic discrimination against women affects 52 percent of the Population, the transgender community is far less than one percent. Of course she also has linguistic rights, and it is right that she should intervene in the debate about men and women because it is also about gender - but the gender asterisk is not the right solution. "It creates the" linguistic invisibility of the Woman “not off. Just like the spelling with slashes or brackets : teachers, teachers , the asterisk with a feminine ending symbolizes that women are “the second choice”. Pusch explains: “It tears the words into three parts: masculine - gender star - feminine ending. [...] Men get the root word and thus the first place, transgender people get the second place, women are assigned the last place with the word ending . That is not acceptable for women. "In order to get the" feminine overall impression ", Pusch suggests" the 'i' with asterisk has only been handwritten so far ": The star would be above the" i "of the generic feminine form (for example: teacher, Teachers ). Pusch has represented the sole generic use of feminine forms of designation since 1984 , in 2018 she explains: “The feminine also visibly contains the masculine: teacher is clearly contained in teacher. The feminine is the basic form, the masculine the shrinking form ”(see also Pusch's criticism of the underscore ).

Society for the German Language

The Society for German Language (GfdS) announced in a press release in August 2020 that “gender asterisks and co. Do not conform to German spelling”: “The GfdS generally supports a non-discriminatory language, the so-called gender asterisk (e.g. readers From a linguistic point of view, however, * in ) does not represent a suitable means to implement this concern. ”Using it would also result in grammatically incorrect forms in some cases, for example in the singular personal designation doctor or doctor . The criticism and rejection would also apply to comparable means of expression such as gender gap (underline), gender colon or mediopoint . In addition, the use of such different gender-neutral forms would lead to inconsistent spelling. It also remains unclear how personal designations with a gender asterisk should be pronounced - even inserting a pause between the masculine word form and the feminine ending remained uncertain in understanding (see criticism of gender pauses above ). The GfdS summarized:

“However, the orthographic and grammatical correctness and uniformity, the (pre-) readability and the comprehensibility of a text come first and must also be guaranteed in non-discriminatory language. The GfdS therefore expressly advises against using the gender asterisk and similar problematic forms. "

The guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering from August 2020 also deal with problems of spelling with asterisks; these difficulties arise in a similar way for other gender notations:

“The German Language Society does not recommend the gender asterisk. Even the Spelling Council has not yet been able to agree to include the gender asterisk in the official regulations . How Gendergap and CamelCase it is not part of the current spelling and also causes quite a few grammatical problems when the asterisk or even the whole suffix is omitted:
This is the case with Umlautungen - not: physicians * in, Bauer * in .
[...] with inflected forms - not: colleagues, doctors, students .
[...] better not: the student and their parents, a good student . [...] better not: the students and their parents .
[…] If the feminine ending is omitted and only the asterisk is left, only the gender-neutral generic masculine remains . [...] better not: colleagues *, painters * "

- GfdS (August 2020)

See also

Current collection of materials Portal women: gender language  - current materials

literature

  • 2020: Federal Association of Communicators (BdKom): Compendium of gender-sensitive language: Strategies for fair formulation. Berlin November 2020, pp. 33–37 ( PDF: 2.5 MB, 56 pages on bdkom.de; info page ).
  • 2020: Society for the German Language (GfdS): Guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering. In: The Language Service. No. 1–2, 2020, section e) Gender asterisks ( online at gfds.de).
  • 2020: Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden Handbook for Gender Equitable Language: How to Gender Appropriately and Understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 , p. 126: Genderstern: “Students” .
  • 2019: Vít Kolek: Discourse of Non-Heteronormative Labeling in German-Language Press: The Case of Gendersternchen. In: Slovenščina 2.0: Empirical, Applied and Interdisciplinary Research. Volume 7, No. 2: Language and Gender , December 31, 2019, pp. 118-140 (English; doi: 10.4312 / slo2.0.2019.2.118-140 ; full text: PDF: 270 kB, 23 pages on uni-lj. si).
  • 2019: Gabriele Diewald, Anja Steinhauer: Duden: Gendern - very easy! Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin March 2019, ISBN 978-3-411-74335-3 , p. 29: Students: Sternchen (compact guide).
  • 2018: Council for German Spelling (RdR): Report and proposals of the working group “Gender Equitable Spelling” for the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - Revised version ... Mannheim, November 16, 2018 ( PDF: 455 kB, 11 pages on Rechtsschreibrat .com; press release ).
  • 2017: Anja Steinhauer, Gabriele Diewald: Gender correctly: How to write appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin October 2017, ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5 , p. 46: Sternchen ( page preview in Google book search).
  • 2016: Duden editorial team: gender-equitable use of language. In: Duden - The dictionary of linguistic doubtful cases: Correct and good German (= Duden. Volume 9). 8th, completely revised edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin December 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-04098-8 , pp. 387–395, here pp. 390–391: capital I, asterisk and underscore ( page previews in the Google book search).

Web links

Wiktionary: gender asterisk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Debates for and against:

  1. Audio: Friederike Sittler vs. Sabine Krome (Managing Director of Spelling Council ): Necessary or annoying - how many genders do we need? In: hr-info . February 12, 2021 (30:44 minutes; quotations ).
  2. Audio: Nils Pickert (editor “Pinkstinks”) vs. Nele Pollatschek : Gender or not? Help * with equality? In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur . February 6, 2021 (84 minutes).
  3. Audio: Anatol Stefanowitsch , Erich Spiekermann (typographer) vs. Friedrich Forssman : Debate about gendering in language: A small star against centuries of inequality ↔ gender star : "That borders on a conspiracy theory". In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur. February 2 ↔ January 26, 2021 (11:02 AM ↔ 8:56 AM).
  4. 350 members of the DGPuK vs. Rudolf Stöber (University of Bamberg): Open letter to the board of the German Society for Media and Communication Studies. January 31, 2021 ↔ Genderstern and Binnen-I: To wrong symbol politics in times of increasing illiberalism . In journalism . December 16, 2020.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Gender-equitable writing: Recommendations from March 26th, 2021. In: Rechtsschreibrat.com, accessed on March 26, 2021 (short version). See the long version Gender Equitable Spelling: Recommendations from March 26th, 2021. (PDF; 453 kB) In : rechtschreibrat.com, accessed on March 26, 2021, with Annex 1: The development and evaluation of the topic of “gender-equitable writing” in the observation of writing use 2018–2020 by the German Spelling Council, approved on March 26th .2021. (PDF; 916 MB) and Annex 2: Gender-appropriate spelling: word and sentence formations that do not conform to orthographical standards. (PDF; 285 MB).
  2. ↑ Anatol Stefanowitsch : Gender gap and gender asterisks in spoken language. In: Sprachlog.de . June 9, 2018, accessed February 10, 2020.
  3. ↑ Carina Bukenberger: How do you pronounce a gender star ? In: leonarto.de. January 22, 2020, accessed June 19, 2020.
  4. ↑ Julia Settinieri: German as a Foreign Language: Knacklaut. In: Uni-Bielefeld.de . October 24, 2013, accessed December 21, 2020.
  5. ↑ Tutorial video by Nicola Milan: How to do a glottal stop for singing on YouTube, November 23, 2013, accessed on April 30, 2020 (3:24 minutes; English).
  6. ↑ Felix Stephan : German language: The gender issue has arrived in phonetics. In: Süddeutsche.de . April 26, 2019, accessed April 30, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b Duden -Redaktion (Hrsg.): Duden: The German orthography (=  Der Duden. Volume 1/12). 28th, completely revised and expanded edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin August 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-04018-6 , pp. 112–114: Gender- equitable use of language , here pp. 112–113 ( online at duden.de).
  8. ↑ Luise F. Pusch , interviewed by Christine Olderdissen: Luise F. Pusch and the gender star. In: genderleicht.de . December 10, 2020, accessed December 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ Luise F. Pusch Language and Gender: For a Just Language. In: Cicero.de . September 23, 2020, accessed December 17, 2020.
  10. ↑ Video by Domingos de Oliveira: Audio sample: This is what gender-sensitive language sounds like for the blind with a screen reader on YouTube, November 6, 2020, accessed on December 3, 2020 (0:39 minutes; info page ).
  11. ^ University of Vienna , Human Resources and Advancement of Women: Gender-inclusive language. In: univie.ac.at. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  12. ↑ Christine Ivanov: "Employees: inside" - genders with a colon. In: Sprachbewusst.de. February 11, 2020, accessed April 29, 2020.
  13. ↑ Anna E. Poth: "Colon is best for the blind". In: genderleicht.de . November 12, 2020, accessed December 3, 2020.
  14. ↑ Federal Association of Communicators (BdKom): Compendium of gender-sensitive language: Strategies for fair formulation. Berlin November 2020, p. 39 ( PDF: 2.5 MB, 56 pages on bdkom.de).
  15. ↑ a b European Social Fund (ESF), message: Why you should use the gender star… In: ESF.de. October 1, 2019, accessed on July 10, 2020 ( Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs ).
  16. ↑ Daniel Mayr aka. Dr. Sooom: Commentary with explanations on the settings of screen readers with regard to special characters ... In: Netzpolitik.org . January 14, 2020, accessed July 10, 2020.
  17. ^ German Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired (DBSV): Gendern. In: DBSV.org. April 2019 (updated June 2020, supplemented in December 2020), accessed on December 31, 2020.
  18. ↑ Steffi Menzenbach: The legal TÜV. ( Memento of February 26, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) In: Parliament . No. 27, June 29, 2009, accessed January 18, 2021.
  19. ↑ Nicole Tepasse: “Our questioners want clear answers”. ( Memento of February 26, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) In: Parliament . No. 1-2, January 5, 2009, accessed January 18, 2021.
  20. ↑ Laura Himmelreich: Bundestag: In the office of the German language. In: Stern.de . September 10, 2015, accessed January 18, 2021.
  21. ^ Society for German language : The position of the GfdS on the use of the gender star. In: GfdS.de. August 2020, accessed on August 19, 2020.
  22. ↑ Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm : Gästin, gastin (f.) In: German dictionary . Volume 4. 1878, column 1482; Quote: "That no burger or burger, guest or gestin in this city of Nuremberg .. peteln sol".
  23. ^ UNESCO , Unit for the Promotion of the Status of Women and Gender Equality: Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language. 3rd edition. Paris 1999, p. 1 (English; PDF: 2.8 MB, 58 pages on uni-graz.at); Quote: "[...] the first edition of the" Guide to Non-Sexist Language "in 1987."
  24. ↑ Persson Perry Baumgartinger: Dear [schtean] Les [schtean], [schtean] you're reading this right now ... Of emancipation and pathologization, empowerment and language changes. In: Liminalis - Journal for Sexual Emancipation. No. 2, June 26, 2008, pp. 24–39, here pp. 24 and 35 ( PDF: 183 kB, 16 pages on liminalis.de ( Memento from December 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive )).
  25. ↑ Beate Hausbichler: Gender / Language: Room for _ !. In: dieStandard.at. October 26, 2008, accessed March 26, 2020.
  26. ↑ Steffen "Kitty" Herrmann (alias S_he): Performing the Gap - Queer Design and Gender Appropriation. In: Arranca! No. 28, November 2003, pp. 22-26 ( online at arranca.org).
  27. ↑ Katy Steinmetz: The Oxford English Dictionary Added "Trans *." Here's What the Label Means. In: Time.com . April 3, 2018, accessed March 17, 2021.
  28. ↑ Alexander Regh (2002): Transgender in Germany between transsexual self-help and criticism of the two-gender order. Quo Vadis, Trans (whatever)? In: polymorph (Ed.): (Not) one gender or many? Transgender from a political perspective. Querverlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 978-3-89656-084-1 , pp. 185-203; here: p. 191f.
  29. ↑ Persson Perry Baumgartinger: The state regulation of trans: The transsexual decree in Austria (1980-2010). A dispositive story. Transcript, Bielefeld 2019, ISBN 978-3-8376-4854-6 , p. 56; Quote: “According to [Alexander] Regh (2002: 191–192), the term trans * or 'trans * man' has been establishing itself in Germany's self-determined trans contexts since the mid-1990s (cf. also Schirmer 2010 ). For Austria I suspect a later emergence of the term, it is still used less often in Austria than in Germany, most often in trans * queer contexts. "
  30. ↑ Alexander Regh, Henrik Haas, Tim Klein: Trans * - FAQ v. 3.02. ( Memento of December 16, 2001 in the Internet Archive ). In: transmann.de. Cologne, July 2000, accessed on March 17, 2021 (TransMann e.V. website): "Amendment / […] / 2.1 - Extension of designations and small additions - February 2000/3 - complete revision - July 2000 / […] ".
  31. ↑ Sam Killermann: What does the asterisk in “trans *” stand for? In: ItsPronouncedMetrosexual.com. Published May 2012, updated September 2018, accessed March 17, 2021; Quote: “ Trans * is an umbrella term that refers to a bunch of the identities within the gender identity spectrum. ”
  32. ↑ Avery Tompkins: Asterisk. In: TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Volume 1, Issue 1–2, May 1, 2014, pp. 26–27 (English; full text: doi: 10.1215 / 23289252-2399497 ).
  33. ↑ Beatrice Fischer, Michaela Wolf: Guide to gender-equitable use of language: For use in courses and in academic work. Institute for Theoretical and Applied Translation Studies, University of Graz , March 2009, p. 5 ( PDF; 64 kB, 11 pages on univie.ac.at).
  34. ↑ Jannik Franzen, Arn Sauer: Discrimination against trans * people, especially in working life. Ed .: Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes (ADS), Berlin December 2010, p. 7 ( PDF: 900 kB, 118 pages on antidiskriminierungsstelle.de ).
  35. ↑ a b Anja Steinhauer , Gabriele Diewald : Correct gendern: How to write appropriately and understandably. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5 , p. 46.
  36. ↑ a b c Council for German Spelling (RdR): Report and proposals of the working group "Gender Equitable Spelling" for the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - revised version ... Mannheim, November 16, 2018, pp. 9-11 ( PDF : 455 kB, 11 pages onrechtschreibrat.com).
  37. ↑ Matthias Kohlmaier: Comment: Gendern in der Sprache - An asterisk for everyone. In: Süddeutsche.de . November 22, 2015, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  38. ↑ a b Anatol Stefanowitsch: Revolutionaries who stare at asterisks. In: Sprachlog.de. November 24, 2015, accessed February 10, 2020.
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Schultheiß: Manners. Lit, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-643-14132-3 , p. 14.
  40. ↑ Gunnar Schupelius: The Senate secretly, quietly and quietly introduces the gender asterisk. In: BZ-Berlin.de . June 19, 2019, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  41. ↑ Melanie Berger: This is how the gender asterisk has so far been handled legally and politically. In: Tagesspiegel.de . May 17, 2018, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  42. ↑ Patricia Hecht: Gendersternchen put to the test. In: taz.de . June 7, 2018, accessed February 10, 2020 .
  43. ↑ Word entry: gender asterisk. In: Dictionary of Neologisms . 2019, accessed February 10, 2020; Quote: “Neologism of the Decades”.
  44. ↑ a b Anatol Stefanowitsch : Laudation on Anglicism of the year 2018: Gendersternchen. In: Sprachlog.de . January 20, 2019, accessed February 10, 2020.
  45. ↑ Corpus analysis methods: Anglicism of the year 2018. In: IDS-Mannheim.de . 2019, accessed February 10, 2020.
  46. ↑ a b Message: Spelling Advice: "Gender star is not yet recommended". In: Der Spiegel . November 16, 2018, accessed February 10, 2020.
  47. ↑ a b Council for German Spelling - press release: Recommendations on “gender equitable spelling” - resolution of the Council for German Spelling of November 16, 2018. Mannheim, November 16, 2018 ( PDF: 422 kB, 2 pages onrechtschreibrat.com).
  48. ↑ Duden editorial team: Genderstern, der. In: Duden.de. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  49. ↑ Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden handbook gender-equitable language: How to gender appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 , p. 127: Note on standardization .
  50. ↑ Kathrin Kunkel-Razum (head of the Duden editorial team), interviewed by Dieter Kassel: The new Duden is here: Anglicisms, gender-sensitive language and obsolescence. In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur . August 12, 2020, accessed August 15, 2020.
  51. ↑ DIN 5008 : 2020-03: Writing and design rules for text and information processing. Section 20: Use of letter forms and templates. Subsection 20.9: Subject and partial subject. Subsection 20.9.4: Salutation .
  52. ↑ DIN 5008: 2020-03: Section 1: Area of application . Excerpt: "This standard does not specify 'what' is to be written, but rather 'how' a given content is presented."
  53. ↑ Westermann information flyer : New topics in DIN 5008. March 11, 2020 ( PDF: 860 kB, 2 pages on schulbuchzentrum-online.de).
  54. ↑ Dietmar Pieper, Silke Fokken and others: Does the German language discriminate against women and social minorities? About the gender asterisk debate. In: Der Spiegel . No. 10, March 6, 2021, p. 11 ( behind the payment barrier ).
  55. ↑ Jens Martin Scherpe : The legal status of trans * people in international comparison. Federal Agency for Civic Education , August 8, 2018, accessed on June 12, 2020.
  56. ↑ Persson Perry Baumgartinger: The state regulation of trans: The transsexual decree in Austria (1980-2010). A dispositive story. Transcript, Bielefeld 2019, ISBN 978-3-8376-4854-6 , pp. 31 and 55–56.
  57. ↑ Tamás Jules Fütty, Marek Sancho Höhne, Eric Llaveria Caselles: Gender diversity in employment and occupation: Needs and implementation options for anti-discrimination for employers. Published by the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency . Berlin, November 2020, pp. 15–17: Terms on gender diversity , and pp. 85–96: Gender- inclusive language (study on gender diversity; PDF: 1.1 MB, 148 pages on antidiskriminierungsstelle.de).
  58. ↑ a b Federal Association of Communicators (BdKom): Compendium of gender-sensitive language: strategies for fair formulation. Berlin November 2020, pp. 3, 29 and 32–37 ( PDF: 2.5 MB, 56 pages on bdkom.de; info page ).
  59. ↑ Hans Monath: Gender Equitable Language: Justice Minister Barley supports Genderstern in the Duden. In: Tagesspiegel.de . May 19, 2018, accessed November 5, 2020.
  60. ↑ German Women's Council : Gender Equality Policy: Gender Star (*) for everyone. In: Frauenrat.de. July 23, 2019, accessed June 1, 2020.
  61. ↑ Christine Olderdissen: Luise F. Pusch - Feminist linguistics determined her life. In: genderleicht.de . June 21, 2019, accessed June 1, 2020.
  62. ^ City administration Kiel : Sustainable Kiel: Human rights are women. In: Kiel.de. June 2020, accessed June 8, 2020.
  63. ^ Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), Evangelisches Werk für Diakonie und Entwicklung e. V .: "She is our best man!" Really? Tips for gender-equitable language. Hanover / Berlin April 2020 ( PDF: 206 kB, 12 pages on ekd.de; info page ).
  64. ^ Announcement (epd): EKD wants to communicate in gender-neutral language in the future. In: Evangelisch.de . June 23, 2020, accessed June 25, 2020.
  65. ^ Society for German Language , press release: GfdS chooses “Corona Pandemic” as Word of the Year 2020. In: GfdS.de. November 30, 2020, accessed December 2, 2020.
  66. ↑ Paula Auksutat (Microsoft Project Manager): This is how Microsoft changed: Inclusion with asterisks. In: Pressessprecher.com . November 27, 2020, accessed December 13, 2020.
  67. ↑ Gabriele Diewald , interviewed by Conrad von Meding: "Language is also a source of inspiration". In: HAZ.de . January 21, 2019, accessed on April 29, 2020 ("Ms. Diewald, when the city of Hanover introduced the large 'inside' in its printing works in 2003, we all smiled a bit. [...]").
  68. ↑ Hartmut El Kurdi : The Truth: Gender War in Hanover * in. In: taz.de . February 27, 2019, accessed March 22, 2020.
  69. ^ Message (dpa): Municipalities - Hanover: The fuss about gender-appropriate language has subsided. In: Süddeutsche.de . September 11, 2019, accessed March 22, 2020.
  70. ↑ Frederike Kampf, Equal Opportunities Officer of the City of Hanover, interviewed by Johannes Döbbelt: Communication - Gender and Language: What Hanover has been doing since 2019. In: Deutschlandfunk Nova . March 23, 2020, accessed March 25, 2020.
  71. ↑ Flensburg , Equal Opportunities Office and Lord Mayor: Guidelines for Gender Appropriate Language. June 17, 2019 ( PDF: 2.8 MB, 6 pages on Gleichstellung-sh.de; info page ).
  72. ↑ Irene Burow: Employees: The Segeberg district now officially uses the gender asterisk. In: LN-online.de . October 21, 2019, accessed March 22, 2020.
  73. ↑ Filderstadt , press release: Filderstadt introduces the gender star: language as an appreciation of all citizens. In: Filderstadt.de. February 21, 2020, accessed July 31, 2020.
  74. ↑ Rebecca Anna Fritzsche: Gender Debate: Filderstadt is a pioneer in this area. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung . January 30, 2020, accessed March 22, 2020.
  75. ↑ Press release: Administrative language should be gender-equitable: City of Wolfsburg includes gender-equitable language in the general business instructions. In: Wolfsburg.de . June 2, 2020, accessed June 5, 2020 (subsection on long page).
  76. ↑ Message: Language in Wolfsburg should be gender equitable. In: Wolfsburger-Nachrichten.de . June 2, 2020, accessed June 5, 2020.
  77. ↑ Stuttgart , Department for Equal Opportunities and Diversity: Notes on the implementation of gender-sensitive language for the administration of the state capital Stuttgart. April 28, 2020 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 10 pages on stuttgart.de; info page ).
  78. ↑ Südwestrundfunk : Gendersternchen and gender-neutral formulations : Gender guide in Stuttgart City Hall polarized. In: SWR.de. August 4, 2020, accessed August 12, 2020.
  79. ↑ State Capital Dresden , Equal Opportunities Officer : Gender Equitable Language in Administration. July 2020 ( PDF: 437 kB, 14 pages on dresden.de).
  80. ↑ Kiel , press department: Guidelines for employees of the state capital Kiel on gender-sensitive communication. May 2020 ( PDF: 265 kB, 29 pages on Gleichstellung-sh.de).
    Ibid: Sustainable Kiel: Human rights are feminine. 2020, section Fair Language - now in the Kiel city administration (info page).
    Ibid, concept: Gender-equitable communication in the state capital Kiel. May 2020 ( PDF: 429 kB, 24 pages on Gleichstellung-sh.de).
  81. ↑ Michael Kluth: Gender equitable language: Kiel introduces gender asterisks. In: Kiel News . June 5, 2020, accessed on June 8, 2020 (behind a paywall ).
  82. ↑ Wolfgang Voigt: Topic in the Karlsruhe city administration: More justice with gender asterisks and colon? In: BNN.de . October 10, 2020, accessed October 18, 2020.
  83. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main , women's department ( Rosemarie Heilig , Gabriele Wenner): Helpful tips and good arguments for gender-equitable language. November 12, 2020 ( PDF: 1.3 MB, 12 pages on frankfurt.de; info page ).
  84. ↑ Sandra Busch, Georg Leppert: Roman letters: No time. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . November 18, 2020, accessed November 22, 2020.
  85. ↑ Fatma Aydemir: the detail: Gendern in the Bundestag. In: taz.de . March 3, 2021, accessed March 8, 2021 .
  86. ↑ TU9 expert group on equality: TU9 handout : Recommendations on the gender-sensitive use of language. Berlin, September 2019 ( PDF: 151 kB, 3 pages on tu-darmstadt.de; info page ).
  87. ↑ Technische Universität Berlin , Coordination Office for the Advancement of Women and Equality: Gender-Sensitive Language - A Guide. 2nd, updated edition. February 5, 2020, p. 9 ( PDF: 946 kB, 28 pages on tu-berlin.de; first edition: 2018); Quote: “The Coordination Office for the Advancement of Women and Equal Opportunities recommends the gender asterisk *.”
    Ibid .
  88. ^ Film University Babelsberg Konrad Wolf : Recommendation for the use of gender-sensitive language at the Film University. Berlin, April 14, 2020, p. 2 ( PDF: 248 kB, 3 pages on filmuniversitaet.de ); Quote: "The recommendation for members of the film university (employees, students, etc.) is to find formulations that are as neutral as possible and otherwise to use the 'gender asterisk'."
  89. ↑ University of Konstanz : Guideline on inclusive language. January 22, 2020 ( PDF: 84 kB, 1 page on uni-konstanz.de).
    Ibid, Equal Opportunities Unit:     Speaking Fairly - Gender Equally and Inclusive.
  90. ↑ University of Greifswald , Central Equal Opportunities Officer : Handout on gender-equitable language. September 2019, p. 2 ( PDF: 323 kB, 6 double pages on uni-egoswald.de); Quote: “In its meeting on April 17, 2019, the Senate of the University of Greifswald decided to implement gender-sensitive language. […] 'Gender-neutral formulations are preferred. If that is not possible, the gender star * should replace gendered and non-gendered personal names. '"
  91. ↑ University of Cologne , Equal Opportunities Office: Convincing Language: Guide to a gender-sensitive language. 6th, revised and expanded edition. February 19, 2020, p. 19 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 32 pages on gb.uni-koeln.de; 1st edition: 2009); Quote: “The gender gap '_' and the gender asterisk '*' can be used. [...] For these reasons, the Equal Opportunities Office of the University of Cologne prefers the gender asterisk. Because we pursue the goal of depicting all gender identities in our language. "
  92. ↑ Bielefeld University , Media & News Department: Gendersternchen: What is it? In: Uni-Bielefeld.de/Verwaltung. February 11, 2020, accessed March 26, 2020.
  93. ↑ University of Vienna , Human Resources and the Advancement of Women: Gender-inclusive use of language in the administration of the University of Vienna: guidelines and recommendations for implementation. Vienna, December 3, 2019, p. 3 ( PDF: 150 kB, 3 pages on univie.ac.at ); Quote: "In order to make the reality of gender diversity linguistically visible, an asterisk * should be used for gendering. The so-called gender star * is spoken as a short pause in oral communication. ”Then the problems with reading programs (screen readers) are pointed out. Portal page for the advancement of women: Gender-inclusive language.
  94. ↑ Hans Rauscher : Der Genderstern: The University of Vienna tries to implement “gender-equitable and inclusive language” in its communication. In: DerStandard.de . December 6, 2019, accessed February 10, 2020.
  95. ↑ ze.tt editorial team: Netiquette and gender: Why do we gender? 2020, accessed on April 5, 2020.
    Ibid: archived version of November 13, 2016 ( Memento of November 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
  96. ↑ Meike Dülffer: Why we don't gender. In: Blog.Zeit.de/Glashaus . February 7, 2018, accessed on April 30, 2020 (Editor of Zeit Online).
  97. ↑ Norddeutscher Rundfunk , Equal Opportunities and Diversity: Language creates awareness: suggestions for a gender-equitable use of language. Hamburg, February 2019 ( PDF: 107 kB, 8 pages on ndr.de; info page ).
  98. ↑ Nicole Schmutte (Head of Gender Equality and Diversity), interviewed by Christine Olderdissen: “We have been gendering at NDR for two years.” In: genderleicht.de . June 27, 2019, accessed June 1, 2020.
  99. ^ Daniel Kalt: Ask your doctor or pharmacist. In: DiePresse.com . February 25, 2020, accessed on September 5, 2020 (from the print edition of February 23, 2020).
  100. ↑ Message: Gender star: Spotify now has artists. In: RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland . January 21, 2020, Retrieved February 10, 2020. View sample on Twitter.
  101. ↑ news aktuell - press release: No uniform regulation: How PR deals with gender-sensitive language. In: Pressessprecher.com May 7, 2020, accessed May 8, 2020.
  102. ↑ Editorial text: How PR deals with gender-sensitive language. In: Werbewoche.ch May 7, 2020, accessed May 8, 2020.
  103. ↑ Noura Maan (editor): Gender equitable language: Revolution without rules of etiquette. In: dieStandard.at . March 8, 2020, accessed March 8, 2020.
  104. ↑ Message (epd): Youth broadcaster of the RBB: Soon there will be the gender asterisk also spoken on the radio. In: The world . August 19, 2020, accessed on August 21, 2020.
  105. ↑ Anne Fromm (media editor of the taz ): Documentation: The “abusive crackling sound” and gender-appropriate language on ZDF and WDR. In: Übermedien.de . September 15, 2020, accessed January 22, 2021.
  106. ↑ Luise F. Pusch , interviewed by Nadja Schlüter: Gendern: “The gender asterisk is not the right solution”. In: Jetzt.de . April 22, 2019, accessed July 11, 2020.
  107. ↑ Luise F. Pusch : Debate Gender Equitable Language: One for All. In: taz.de . March 8, 2019, accessed February 10, 2020.
  108. ↑ Luise F. Pusch: Gendern - gladly, but how? A ride through the history of feminist language and practical tips from linguist Luise F. Pusch. In: Neues-Deutschland.de . October 23, 2019, accessed February 10, 2020.
  109. ↑ Luise F. Pusch: Do you feel that you are meant! In: Emma.de . December 12, 2018, accessed February 10, 2020; Quote: “The feminist linguist Luise F. Pusch advocates a completely different solution. Namely for the ' generic feminine '. "
  110. ^ Society for German Language : Press release GfdS: Gendersternchen and Co. do not conform to German spelling. In: GfdS.de. August 13, 2020, accessed August 15, 2020.
  111. ↑ Message: Gender equality: Society for the German language advises against using gender asterisks. In: Queer.de . August 14, 2020, accessed December 2, 2020.
  112. ^ Society for German Language : Guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering - Section 2. Savings / short forms: e) Gender asterisks. In: GfdS.de. August 2020, accessed on December 2, 2020 ("Published: November 20, 2019, as of August 2020").