Inland I

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Internal-I (also Majuskel-I or uppercase-I ) referred to in the German written language the letters " i ", when within a word is written as a capital letter between lowercase letters (as CamelCase ): teachers, pupils; rarely in the singular : a teacher . This notation is intended as the use of gender-equitable language for personal and professional designations to show that both male and female persons are meant without spelling out both word forms (teachers) or using the generic masculine (teachers) . When speaking or reading aloud, the inner I can be expressed by a glottal stroke as a tiny pause before the Lehrer-Innen capital "i": [ˈleːʁɐˌʔɪnən] (compare pronunciation of the gender star ). The use of capital letters is not part of the official spelling rules .

Inland-I on a signpost to a scout home ( Gablitz , Lower Austria 2014)

history

The first use is attributed to the Swiss journalist Christoph Busch , who wrote about “listeners” in a book about free radios in 1981 , in contrast to the usual listener at the time . Busch described his invention as "the sexual maturation of the 'i' and its outgrowth to the 'I' as a result of frequent contact with the long ' slash '." Next, the Binnen-I was used in 1983 in a flyer on Radio LoRa from Zurich. The weekly newspaper WOZ took up this Binnen-I for the first time in a report on this station and introduced it in December 1983 as the official spelling for all personal names; since then it has been used consistently in the WOZ.

Binnen-I in the "taz"

From 1986, parts of the taz editorial team in Berlin were inspired by WOZ on the initiative of the taz editor at the time, Oliver Tolmein , and used the Binnen-I in their articles. However, this was associated with ideological disputes within the editorial team and was applied less consistently than at WOZ. Ute Scheub noted in 2003 that women in the taz would also use the Binnen-I less often - some so as not to be considered feminists, others so as not to be seen as “old-fashioned” as convinced feminists. Years later it almost disappeared there. In 2008, the publicist Henryk M. Broder complained in his commentary Das große I der Idiotie about the “ feminization of everyday life in Germany” and declared: “It has to do with the structure of the German language. About 20 years ago the Berlin 'taz' invented the big 'I', and readers have been around since then. "

Inland I in parliaments

In 1989 the SPD and Alternative List decided in the Berlin Senate to introduce the Binnen-I for official administrative documents. After the Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen party entered the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1990, it used the Binnen-I in some applications and inquiries. Shortly afterwards, the President of the State Parliament Ingeborg Friebe (SPD) forbade them to do so as long as this spelling was not included in the Duden spelling dictionary . In the same year, the city council of Wiesbaden decided to oppose male language within the administration and expressly recommended the spelling with internal I. In April 1996, a much-quoted gloss by Sabine Etzold in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit assumed : “The German language is undergoing a gender reassignment”.

spelling, orthography

In 2001, Duden-Sprachberatung rated the Binnen-I in its newsletter as a violation of "the rule that applies to German that capital letters can only be used at the beginning of a word (a noun )". As a remedy, it was recommended at the time to put brackets or a slash, for example teachers or teachers , or as a more polite variant, the addition of: teachers . In the 2009 edition of Duden, this type of spelling is no longer generally seen as violating the spelling, since capital letters in the interior of the word (inner major ) are "not part of the official spelling regulation ". It should be noted that "such spellings [...] are controversially discussed and are often rejected for general writing usage". In 2011, the first newsletter from Duden-Sprachberatung, with reference to the Duden guide for business correspondence, stated again: "The use of the capital I in the interior of the word (Binnen-I) does not correspond to the spelling rules."

In the Austrian Dictionary (ÖWB) from 2009, variants are shown with brackets or slashes as well as the inner I. Regarding the latter, the ÖWB editorial team notes: “The capital I inside the word is not dealt with in the official regulations. However, it cannot be concluded from this that the use is incorrect. ”Finally, the following is added to all variants:“ The writer should bear in mind that the individual options for presentation are assessed differently. ”

In 2013, the Council for German Spelling (regulatory body for German -language spelling) announced that “internal capitalization is not part of the official set of rules; it is not mentioned under the usages currently assigned to capitalization ”. He also states that the Binnen-I is neither right nor wrong with regard to the standard spelling, since it has a grapho-stylistic character and thus moves in the area of ​​text design.

In August 2017, the Duden included the word "Binnen-I" in its 27th edition (next to " gender equitable " and " gender ") with the meaning: "Capital letter I to represent male and female plural forms within the same word". The year before, the Duden editorial team had already stated: "[...] internal capitalization is not part of the official regulations ."

In November 2018, the German Spelling Council analyzed the occurrence of the Binnen-I in text types and existing guidelines, but did not make a recommendation itself. It is stated: "Although the use of writing has shown a significant decline in the inland I in both Germany and Austria in recent years, the frequency of this form is still 15 times greater than that of the asterisk ."

The Duden Handbook for Gender Equitable Language explains standardization:

"Currently, in spring 2020, these possibilities, i. H. Inland-I, Gender Star , Gendergap , colon and Medio point not yet part of the official spelling, but the three first mentioned as a widespread and legitimate means of striving for are geschlechtergerechtem writing skills well recognized and also in the meetings of the Council for German Spelling at least discussed [...]. "

distribution

The city administration of Hanover (Lower Saxony) used the Binnen-I from 2003, but switched to the use of the gender asterisk in 2019 .

In February 2020, the media company news aktuell determined in an online survey of German press offices and PR agencies that 18% of the 415 communicators surveyed use the Binnen-I. 92 communicators are surveyed in Switzerland, 21% of them use it (see evaluation table ).

In Germany, several universities recommend the Binnen-I for shortened terms (see university guidelines ):

Austria

In Austria , for the first time in 1987, there were linguistic recommendations on the linguistic equal treatment of women and men. In the following, the “general clause” described above has prevailed - especially in legal texts. Since the 1990s, the Binnen-I has been used more and more in areas of public administration and universities. It is mentioned as one of several possibilities for the legally required, “gender-neutral” formulation of official documents, for example in personnel news or job advertisements.

However, the internal I hinders the blind and visually impaired when they read texts from the computer or display them on a Braille terminal. In 2009 the ministries began to revise their websites in this regard.

Administration and Laws

On the basis of Article 7, Paragraph 2 of the Federal Constitutional Law , the Federal Government, in the spirit of gender mainstreaming, decided in July 2000, May 2001 and April 2002 to give presentations to the Council of Ministers, according to which both the gender mainstreaming concept and the gender-equitable use of language in all departments special attention is to be paid.

The “Guideline for gender equitable formulation” of the Gender Mainstreaming Working Group of the Provincial Administration of Lower Austria from February 2006 recommends the Binnen-I for “types of text that are characterized by limited length”; For example, the chancellery regulations for the Lower Austrian regional offices in the instruction 01-01 / 00-0150 of June 6, 2005 stipulate that the form "processor" must be used in letter forms.

The 1995 Federal Law on Safety and Health Protection at Work has the official abbreviation of the Employee Protection Act .

At the beginning of 2014, the plan of the committee responsible for the “guidelines for text design” ( ÖNORM A 1080) for office organization and written communication in the Austrian Standards Institute was announced to revise the standard to give preference to “single-sex formulations”. Among other things, that would have excluded the Inner I as not conforming to the standard. In the comment procedure intended for such re-standardizations, controversial discussions arose, which led to the committee being dissolved by the Institute's Presidium in September 2014 because it was “unwilling to enter into a dialogue with those who represent other positions , no serious discussion of the views of the respondents was guaranteed [...] ”. In October 2014 the standards institute announced that the “gender-sensitive use of language” will not be regulated by ÖNORM in the future either.

Teaching and university use

Binnen-I as a sticker on the traffic sign "End of the bus and cyclist lane" ( Linz , Austria 2005)

In 2002, the Institute for German Studies at the University of Vienna laid down information on manuscript design and citation guidelines in its leaflet , “the grammatically feminine and masculine form (e.g. author) or the capital I (e.g. authors) to use. ”In 2019, the university administration said goodbye to the Binnen-I because - like the denomination  - it is only bisexual. In general, gender-neutral terms and the gender asterisk are recommended for official communication in order to include all genders and gender identities : readers; however, the gender gap or an apostrophe could also be used: readers, readers .

The University of Linz uses since 2009 in addition to the slash for the contracted pair of mold and the single-I: a / e student, all colleagues . The advantage of the Binnen-I would be its brevity and uniformity and, especially in the plural, it would be a good alternative to full denominations. The capitalization of a letter at the end of the article is used in place of the slash : a student .

The Medical University of Graz has been using the Binnen-I for short forms since 2014, next to the slash (with a hyphen): patient, patient .

Others

Starting in 2004, additional signs were attached to traffic signs in Linz with the words “cyclists”. In Vienna there was no such signage with reference to the use of already gender-neutral pictograms showing bicycles.

On International Women's Day in March 2020, the editors of dieStandard.at declared that after 20 years of Binnen-I, they would now use the gender star "to make more than two genders visible."

Switzerland

The left weekly newspaper WOZ has been using the Binnen-I quite consistently since 1983.

In 2008, the Swiss Federal Chancellery wrote in its binding guide to German spelling for the Binnen-I: “Such inner capital letters are not regular. […] Sparse spelling can be useful in a shortened text (for example in a table), but should be avoided in normal running text . ”A year later, the internal I is no longer permitted in the Swiss guidelines; Instead, the slash without an ellipsis may be used in abbreviated texts: Citizens .

The University of Zurich used since 2000 in addition to shorthand notations with a slash and the single-I: officials in charge . The University of Bern recommends the following in addition to the slash in the event of a lack of space: staff (see university guidelines ).

In February 2020, the media company news aktuell determined in an online survey of 92 Swiss communicators that 21% use the Binnen-I. In Germany, 18% of the 415 communicators surveyed use it (see evaluation table ).

UNESCO

In 1987 UNESCO passed a resolution on non-sexist language . This led to the guidelines of the same name for non-sexist language use , published in 1993 by the German Commission for UNESCO . In addition to recommendations on the use of the feminine form and the Binnen-I, these early guidelines introduced various variants of gender-sensitive language .

reception

The University of Zurich argues in its guideline on the linguistic equal treatment of women and men , published in 2000 , that the use of the generic masculine would often put women in the background in the awareness of the readership. In addition to other forms of gender-equitable language, the use of both names such as the Binnen-I in the written language should ensure that women are made visible through their mentioning.

In empirical-psychological studies of the following years it was found that by using the internal-I, both genders are more involved; this effect is sometimes more pronounced in the Binnen-I compared to both names (pair forms). One advantage of the Binnen-I is the brevity and uniformity of the spelling. In the plural, it is seen by proponents as a suitable alternative to other, longer forms of gender-sensitive spelling. Especially when writing minutes, short messages and memos, it is considered a convenient means in the context of gender-equitable formulation.

criticism

The news magazine Focus criticized in 2010, it is because in many common fonts that large would arise typographic problem cases i and small L would look the same, for example, the word "Poles" ( PolInnen).

In 2001, the educational psychologist Elke Heise carried out an experimental study on the understanding of the Inner-I, in which test subjects were asked to give personal examples. The use of personal designations in the generic masculine led "to a higher proportion of represented men, the internal I-form, however, to a higher proportion of represented women”, while the slash spelling resulted in an equal distribution of male and female representations. The linguist Lisa Irmen also found in 2006 that the Binnen-I “does not work in a gender-equitable manner”.

The queer theory criticized early on the emphasis on bisexuality through the interior I, only the grammatically masculine and the feminine word form were mentioned. As a way out, the underline, now known as the “ gender gap ”, was suggested in 2003 (students) to indicate an “open place” for all genders and gender identities ; but it can also be combined with the internal-I: Schüler_ I can . From around 2010, the gender asterisk increasingly took the place of the underscore (students) , but could not achieve the spread of the Binnen-I by the end of 2018.

See also

Current collection of materialsfPortal women: gender language  - current materials

literature

  • 2020: Society for the German Language (GfdS): Guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering. In: The Language Service. No. 1–2, 2020, section c) Binnenmajuskel ( online at gfds.de).
  • 2020: Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden Handbook Gender Equitable Language: How to Gender Appropriately and Understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 , p. 124: Binnen-I: “Schülerinnen” .
  • 2019: Gabriele Diewald, Anja Steinhauer: Duden: Gendern - very easy! Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin March 2019, ISBN 978-3-411-74335-3 , pp. 27–28: Students: Large I (compact guide).
  • 2018: Council for German Spelling (RdR): Report and proposals of the working group “Gender Equitable Spelling” to the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - Revised version ... Mannheim, November 16, 2018 ( PDF: 455 kB, 11 pages on Rechtsschreibrat .com; press release ).
  • 2017: Anja Steinhauer, Gabriele Diewald: Duden: Correct gendern - How to write appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin October 2017, ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5 , pp. 44–45: Large I ( page preview in the Google book search).
  • 2016: Duden editorial team: gender equitable use of language. In: Duden - The dictionary of linguistic doubtful cases: Correct and good German (= Duden. Volume 9). 8th, completely revised edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin December 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-04098-8 , pp. 387–395, here pp. 390–391: capital I, asterisk and underscore ( page previews in the Google book search).
  • 2009: Natasha Hurley, Susanne Luhmann: The Capital “I”. Feminism, Language, Circulation (English). In: Christine Abbt , Tim Kammasch: Point, point, comma, line? Gesture, shape and meaning of philosophical punctuation. Transcript, Bielefeld 2009, ISBN 978-3-89942-988-6 , pp. 215–228 ( PDF: 127 kB, 14 pages on degruyter.com).
  • 2008: Martin Heinrich, Erika Hasenhüttl, Angelika Paseka: Cheating women with the capital "I"? Two studies on gender-sensitive language use in tertiary educational institutions in Austria (= pedagogy in contradiction. Volume 9). Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-86582-596-4 .
  • 1996: Sabine Etzold: Glosse: The language changes its gender - the inner I is everywhere. In: The time . No. 15, April 5, 1996, p. 33 ( online at zeit.de).
  • 1995: Hildegard Horny: Feminist language criticism. In: Georg Stötzel , Martin Wengeler (ed.): Controversial terms: History of public language use in the Federal Republic of Germany. 4th volume. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-014106-1 , pp. 517-562, here pp. 535-537: Binnen-I ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • 1993: Marlis Hellinger , Christine Bierbach: Guidelines for a non-sexist use of language. German UNESCO Commission , Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-927907-32-4 ( PDF: 38 kB, 13 pages on unesco.de).
  • 1992: Hans Bickes, Margot Brunner (Ed.): Mother tongue: womenless? Male language: womenless? Politicians: at a loss? Society for the German Language, Wiesbaden 1992.

Web links

Commons : Binnen-I  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Binnen-I  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Hildegard Horny: Feminist language criticism. In: Georg Stötzel , Martin Wengeler (ed.): Controversial terms: History of public language use in the Federal Republic of Germany. 4th volume. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-014106-1 , pp. 517-562, here p. 535: Binnen-I ( page preview in the Google book search).
  2. ^ Declaration by Beate Binder and Ulrike Vedder : Language and Reality and the Discussion of the Gender Star. In: HU-Berlin.de. Center for transdisciplinary gender studies at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (HU), March 27, 2019, accessed on February 9, 2020.
  3. ↑ Luise F. Pusch : Gendern - gladly, but how? A ride through the history of feminist language and practical tips from linguist Luise F. Pusch. In: Neues-Deutschland.de . October 23, 2019, accessed February 9, 2020.
  4. ↑ Oliver Tolmein : Journalism: How the Inner I came into the taz. In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur . October 1, 2014, accessed February 9, 2020.
  5. ↑ Ute Scheub : The long march of the great I through the institutions. Lecture on the big I for the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, January 20, 2003 ( PDF: 19.5 kB; 5 pages on utescheub.de).
  6. ↑ Heide Oestreich: Das Binnen-I and the taz: The erection in the text. In: taz.de . March 7, 2009, accessed February 9, 2020; Quote: ("In the meantime it has almost completely disappeared. Why? A survey among taz authors").
  7. ^ Henryk M. Broder : The big I of idiocy. In: Die Weltwoche . October 9, 2008, accessed February 9, 2020 (secondary publication on Achgut.com).
  8. ↑ Hildegard Horny: Feminist language criticism. In: Georg Stötzel , Martin Wengeler (ed.): Controversial terms: History of public language use in the Federal Republic of Germany. 4th volume. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 978-3-11-014106-1 , pp. 517-562, here pp. 536/537 ( page preview in the Google book search).
  9. ↑ Sabine Etzold: Glosse: The language changes its gender - the inner I is everywhere. In: The time . No. 15, April 5, 1996, p. 33 ( online at zeit.de; behind a paywall ).
  10. ↑ Duden Newsletter: How do you spell it correctly? ( Memento of October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) January 26, 2001, accessed on February 9, 2020.
  11. ↑ Dudenredaktion (ed.): Duden 01. The German orthography . The comprehensive standard work based on the new official regulations. 25th edition. tape 1 . Bibliographisches Institut (Dudenverlag), Mannheim / Vienna / Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04015-5 , p. 56 ("Upper and lower case.").
  12. ↑ Duden newsletter of 01/07/11. (No longer available online.) In: duden.de. January 7, 2011, archived from the original on October 11, 2012 ; accessed on May 25, 2020 (see section: Correctly addressing both genders ).
  13. ↑ Otto Back, Herbert Fussy (ed. On behalf of the BMUKK ): Austrian dictionary . On the basis of the official regulations . 41st edition. ÖBV, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-06875-0 , p. 861 (Chapter Rules, Section Punctuation: "12 The slash (/)" ).
  14. ^ Council for German Spelling (RdR): Is the Binnen-I a spelling mistake ? ( Memento from February 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Rechtsschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de. February 8, 2014, accessed February 9, 2020.
  15. ↑ Johanna Usinger: New in the dictionary: traffic light woman, Wutbürgerin and Binnen-I. In: GeschicktGendern.de. August 18, 2017, accessed February 7, 2020.
  16. ↑ Binnen-I, das. In: Duden online . Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  17. ↑ Duden editors: Duden - The dictionary of linguistic cases of doubt: Correct and good German (= Duden. Volume 9). 8th, completely revised edition. Bibliographisches Institut, Dudenverlag, Berlin December 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-04098-8 , pp. 387–395: Gender- equitable language use , here p. 390 ( page preview in Google book search).
  18. ^ Council for German Spelling (RdR): Report and proposals of the working group "Gender Equitable Spelling" to the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - Revised version ... Mannheim, November 16, 2018, p. 10 ( PDF: 455 kB, 11 Pages on Rechtsschreibrat.com).
  19. ↑ Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden handbook gender-equitable language: How to gender appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 , p. 127: Note on standardization .
  20. ↑ Gabriele Diewald , interviewed by Conrad von Meding: "Language is also a source of inspiration". In: HAZ.de . January 21, 2019, accessed June 22, 2020; Quote: "Ms. Diewald, when the city of Hanover introduced the large 'inside' in their printing units in 2003, we all smiled a bit."
  21. ↑ a b news aktuell - press release: No uniform regulation: How PR deals with gender-sensitive language. In: Pressessprecher.com May 7, 2020, accessed May 8, 2020.
  22. ↑ a b Editorial text: How PR deals with gender-sensitive language. In: Werbewoche.ch May 7, 2020, accessed May 8, 2020.
  23. ↑ Munich University of Applied Sciences , Head of University Communication : Gender-Equitable Language at Munich University of Applied Sciences . July 2015 ( PDF: 193 kB, 12 pages on hm.edu; info page ).
  24. ^ University of Marburg , Women's Representative: Recommendation of the Equal Opportunities Commission of the Philipps University for the use of gender-appropriate language. Marburg, January 2018 (first version: October 2016; PDF: 84 kB, 2 pages on uni-marburg.de; info page ).
  25. ↑ RWTH Aachen , Equal Opportunities Office: Gender Equitable Language - Handout. Aachen, September 2017 ( PDF: 1.4 MB, 16 pages at rwth-aachen.de; info page ).
  26. ↑ Swiss Federal Chancellery , Zurich University of Applied Sciences : Gender Equitable Language: Guide to gender equitable formulation in German. 2nd, completely revised edition 2009, version of July 31, 2013, pp. 55–105: Gender- appropriate formulation in individual types of text and in special forms of language use ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 192 pages at bk.admin.ch).
  27. ↑ Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF): Gender- equitable language: guidelines within the scope of the BMBWF. Vienna 2018 ( PDF: 248 kB, 20 pages on bmbwf.gv.at).
  28. ↑ Werner Grotte: Gender-neutral spelling makes laws and ordinances illegible: "She or he him or her". In: WienerZeitung.at . June 25, 2009, accessed February 7, 2020 .
  29. ↑ Linguistic equal treatment of women and men in the area of ​​the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture; Guide to gender equitable wording. Circular No. 22/2002; Transaction number: 15.510 / 17-VII / B / 2/02. In: bmbwf.gv.at . May 8, 2002, accessed on March 6, 2020 (content status: December 27, 2018).
  30. ↑ Gender Mainstreaming Working Group: Guidelines for gender-equitable formulation. February 2006, new edition July 2018 ( PDF: 2 MB, 12 pages at noe.gv.at).
  31. ↑ Message (APA): Gendern: Standardization institute wants to ban internal I. In: derStandard.at . March 17, 2014, accessed February 7, 2020.
  32. ↑ Message: Binnen-I: Controversial committee is dissolved. In: Kurier.at . September 3, 2014, accessed February 7, 2020.
  33. ↑ Message: Binnen-I: Normungsinstitut does not want to regulate gender-sensitive language. In: derStandard.at . October 30, 2014, accessed February 7, 2020.
  34. ↑ Institute for German Studies at the University of Vienna: Notes on manuscript design and citation guidelines (editors). Vienna December 2, 2002 ( PDF: 28 kB, 5 pages on univie.ac.at).
  35. ↑ University of Vienna , Human Resources and the Advancement of Women: Gender-inclusive use of language in the administration of the University of Vienna: guidelines and recommendations for implementation. Vienna, December 2019 ( PDF: 150 kB, 3 pages on univie.ac.at; info page ).
  36. ^ University of Linz , staff department for gender equality policy: gender equality in language and images. Linz, January 2009, p. 7 ( PDF: 672 kB, 34 pages on jku.at; info page ).
  37. ↑ Medical University of Graz , Working Group for Equal Treatment Issues, GENDER: UNIT: gender: sprache: Gender- equitable language at the Medical University of Graz. Graz, August 2014 ( PDF: 245 kB, 4 pages on medunigraz.at; info page ).
  38. ↑ Traffic signs in Linz - 100 new “female” additional signs. In: orf.at . July 20, 2005, accessed February 7, 2020.
  39. ^ Noura Maan (editor): Gender equitable language: Revolution without rules of behavior. In: dieStandard.at . March 8, 2020, accessed July 22, 2020.
  40. ↑ Swiss Federal Chancellery : Guide to German spelling. Completely revised version. Bern 2008, section: No internal capitalization (first edition: 2000; info page ( memento of June 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive )); compare also Sections 4.34 and 6.10 on internal capitalization in proper names.
  41. ↑ Swiss Federal Chancellery, Zurich University of Applied Sciences : Gender Equitable Language: Guide to gender equitable formulation in German. 2nd, completely revised edition 2009, version of July 31, 2013, p. 22 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 192 pages at bk.admin.ch); Quote: “The short form is used with a slash, but without an ellipsis (citizens) . The Binnen-I is not permitted. "
  42. ↑ University of Zurich , Gender Equality Department: Guide: Gender Equality in Text and Images. Corrected version, Zurich, May 2018 ( PDF: 655 kB, 26 pages on Gleichstellung.uzh.ch; info page ).
  43. ^ University of Bern , Department for Equality between Women and Men: Recommendations for the University of Bern: Gender- Equal Language. 2nd Edition. Bern, March 2017 ( PDF: 1.3 MB, 25 pages on unibe.ch; info page; PDF short version; interview ).
  44. ↑ Marlis Hellinger, Christine Bierbach: One language for both sexes: guidelines for a non-sexist use of language. German UNESCO Commission , Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-927907-32-4 ( PDF: 37 kB, 13 pages on unesco.de).
  45. ↑ a b University management of the University of Zurich : Guide to the linguistic equal treatment of women and men. Zurich 2000, p. 3 (4th edition in April 2006, in the version dated January 31, 2011: PDF: 232 kB, 14 pages on vauz.uzh.ch).
  46. ↑ Martin Heinrich, Erika Hasenhüttl, Angelika Paseka: Cheat women with the capital "I"? Two studies on gender-sensitive language use in tertiary educational institutions in Austria (= pedagogy in contradiction. Volume 9). Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-86582-596-4 .
  47. ↑ Friederike Braun, Susanne Oelkers, Karin Rogalski, Janine Bosak, Sabine Sczesny: "For reasons of comprehensibility ...": The influence of generic masculine and alternative personal names on the cognitive processing of texts. In: Psychological Rundschau . Volume 58, No. 3, July 2007, pp. 183–189, here p. 187 ( doi: 10.1026 / 0033-3042.58.3.183 ; special print: PDF: 59 kB, 7 pages on wiki.kif.rocks).
  48. ^ Helga Kotthoff , Damaris Nübling : Genderlinguistics: An introduction to language, conversation and gender. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen December 2018, ISBN 978-3-8233-7913-3 , p. 106 ( side view in the Google book search).
  49. ↑ Dagmar Stahlberg: Tell me what you see and I will tell you what you think! Language and person perception in social psychology. In: Helmut Richter, Walter H. Schmitz (Eds.): Communication - a key concept in the human sciences? Nodus, Münster 2003, ISBN 978-3-89323-655-8 , pp. 93-105, here pp. 96/97.
  50. ↑ For a summary of the results up to 2001 see Sigrid Metz-Göckel , Marion Kamphans: Info-Paper No 3: On gender- conscious language use. BMBF project "New Media in Education - University Funding Area". Dortmund July 2002, pp. 2–4: Empirical research results ( PDF: 207 kB, 9 pages on informatik.uni-bremen.de ).
  51. ↑ Claudia Mahs, Project Office for Gender Studies in Research and Teaching, University of Paderborn : Gender Equitable Language. Paderborn, February 22, 2017, p. 3 ( PDF; 91 kB, 6 pages on uni-paderborn.de ).
  52. ^ Message (dpa): Language: The Inner I - assassinated by women? In: Focus.de. June 24, 2010, accessed February 5, 2020.
  53. ↑ Elke Heise: Are women included? An empirical study to understand the generic masculine and its alternatives. In: Language & Cognition. Volume 19, No. 1-2, January 2000, pp. 3-13, here p. 1 (abstract: doi: 10.1024 // 0253-4533.19.12.3 ); Quote: "An equal distribution of male and female representations only occurred when the slash spelling was used, whereas the generic masculine led to a higher proportion of represented men, while the internal I-form led to a higher proportion of represented women."
  54. ↑ Lisa Irmen: Discrimination and language: students, students and students ... Or: who is e.maier@student.unibe.ch. Lecture at the University of Bern, November 2006 ( PDF: 872 kB, 39 pages ( Memento from July 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on unibe.ch); Quote: “What does not work in a gender-equitable manner: Footnote with reference to the fact that generic masculines also include women; Uppercase I (students) is processed more like a feminine ”.