Austrian dictionary

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Austrian dictionary, 43rd edition (2018)

As a dictionary ( spelling dictionary ), the Austrian dictionary represents the official set of German language rules applicable in Austria . It is published on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag (ÖBV) in Vienna .

meaning

Evidence added and introduction expanded. is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
There is no evidence for "replaced the old German rule book from the years 1879 and 1902". It would be obvious that 1. the rule book from 1879 (cf. * ) was not a “German rule book”, but a Habsburg rule book and 2. the rule book had already been superseded in 1902, so the ÖWB only superseded the rule book from 1902 and no longer that Replaced rule book from 1879.

The Austrian Dictionary (ÖWB) was ordered in 1950 by the Federal Minister for Education Felix Hurdes and placed in explicit opposition to the Duden reference works, the market leader at the time. The ÖWB appeared for the first time in 1951 and thus replaced all works, including the Duden dictionaries in a certain way. The spelling rules from the Orthographic Conferences ( 1876 and 1901 ), on which the officially valid rulebooks from 1879 and 1902 were based, remained unchanged. The rulebooks were published by several states (e.g. Bavaria, Austria-Hungary) and small states (Baden). The first edition of the ÖWB had a length of 276 pages with 20,000 keywords and sold 20,000 copies in the same year.

The Austrian dictionary is also available in a medium and small version with a reduced number of words. Both were originally intended for school use, the small version especially for elementary schools . The 38th edition from 1997 ( ISBN 3-215-07910-0 ) was converted to the new German spelling . Each edition is expanded in its vocabulary compared to the previous one. Since the 1997 edition, the ÖWB has been comparable to the Spelling Duden with more than 100,000 keywords. The latest edition is the 43rd, it was published in 2016 ( ISBN 978-3-209-08514-6 ). The stylistic notes have also been modernized.

The dictionary says of the validity itself:

The official set of rules regulates spelling within those institutions (school, administration) for which the state has regulatory authority with regard to spelling. In addition, to ensure uniform spelling, it serves as a model for everyone who wants to orientate themselves on generally applicable spelling; That means companies, especially printers, publishers, editorial offices - but also private individuals.

For the definition of an Austrian standard variety of German , the following is noted:

The Austrian dictionary is a dictionary of good, correct common German. However, it is primarily intended for Austrians and will mainly be used by Austrians. Therefore it also contains numerous commonly used words of the Austrian colloquial language and the Austrian dialects, although no words in dialect spelling. Such words are expressly marked as belonging to the colloquial language or dialect. By including these expressions, which appear again and again in everyday language and which have to be written when replaying conversations, for example, their spelling was also determined. The Austrian dictionary is to be addressed in a different sense than an Austrian one. We Austrians use a number of expressions that are no less correct, good and beautiful than used elsewhere. Naturally, they were preferred in the dictionary, whereas only in northern Germany, for example, the usual ones were not taken into account or were expressly marked as foreign to us or at least unusual. But it is also a fact that in the best language of the educated in our country we stress words differently, pronounce them differently, use nouns with a different article or a different plural form, verbs with a different auxiliary verb, etc. v. a. m. than is customary outside of Austria. In such cases, the forms we use and generally felt to be good and correct were included in the dictionary. (Preface, 32nd edition, 1972)

The Austrian dictionary has the status of a “technical reference work for the common authority file ”; its spellings form the specifications for entries in databases, etc.

prehistory

Even before the First World War, there were official dictionaries in Austria that took officially used Austrianisms into account. These were firstly the rules of German spelling along with word list - for the use of teachers and students , published by kk Ministry of Culture and Education, last edition in 1915, and on the other by the kuk issued War Ministry rules and dictionary for the German spelling, same time Germanic foreign dictionary, for use in the kuk military educational institutions , last edition 1917.

After the Second World War, even during the occupation, the state endeavored to emphasize the Austrian cultural and linguistic independence again and to deliberately differentiate itself from the National Socialist cultural policy of the German Reich. This happened particularly in the school system, where under Minister Felix Hurdes and his short-term predecessor Ernst Fischer even the semantic definition of the German school subject was simply renamed the language of instruction . Since there was a need for a new edition of a dictionary in schools, the decision was made to create a separate Austrian dictionary. A commission of experts was commissioned to include the philologist and Viennese state school inspector Albert Krassnigg , who was considered to be close to the SPÖ, the Viennese school councilor Anton Simonic, who was close to the ÖVP, the section head in the Ministry of Education Josef Stur, Ernst Pacolt, board member of the Resistance Association , and Otto Langbein, in the 1930s Years head of the Red Student Union and as a Jew persecuted in the Third Reich. A short time later, in 1951, the first edition of the Austrian dictionary was created, in which numerous Austrianisms were newly included, on the one hand using old terms from the dictionaries of the monarchy period, on the other hand also terms from the Bavarian dialects in Austria, im Particular, but not exclusively, those from Viennese . Due to the lack of paper in the post-war period, this first edition was limited in scope to the immediate needs in schools.

The decision at that time to have its own Austrian dictionary was justified with a language planning claim to promote Austrian patriotism; in addition, the place of publication of the German Duden was in Leipzig and thus in the Soviet occupation zone. A new edition was created there immediately after the war in 1947, which explicitly included a right of reprint for West German, Austrian and Swiss publishers. Austria made no use of this right, however, and the first post-war edition was not published in West Germany until 1954, although other publishers even published their own dictionaries there under the name "Duden", some with different spellings due to the unclear legal situation.

Language policy

The school edition of the 32nd edition from 1972

In the first few decades the editors of the Austrian dictionary did an active part in language planning , giving preference to Austrian words. However, it was more of a recodification of Austrian German; new terms were only included if they had previously been used in literature and the media. The demarcation from Germany, however, remained on the agenda, and the word “ German ” was completely avoided until the 1960s. One spoke either of the Austrian language or simply of the written language , and the primary school edition was simply called My First Dictionary , then Small Dictionary , and later Small Austrian Dictionary . When Jakob Ebner wrote a book about linguistic usage in Austria in 1969 and published it at the West German Duden Verlag in Mannheim, his colleagues in Austria did not like it. When he brought out an Austrian student dude from the same publisher in 1981 , this work was prevented from being officially approved for use as a school book. Later, however, these differences of opinion relaxed, and Ebner was accepted into the dictionary commission in 1995 as an expert in lexicography.

In contrast to this, in the 1960s and 70s there was no problem in working with the East German Duden editorial team. For many years, Ernst Pacolt and Otto Langbein corresponded with the Bibliographical Institute in Leipzig and edited the "Ost-Duden" in relation to Austrianism.

Within Austria, however, there was repeated criticism from linguists, writers, politicians and private individuals who opposed a decidedly language separatism. Some of them were guided by the practical advantages of a large common linguistic area and thus also a sales market for literature, while others had political motives and were close to the Third Camp . The strongest resistance, however, was against the "Ostlastigkeit" of the Austrian dictionary. Especially after more than 5000 mostly Viennese words had been added to the 35th edition in 1979, many western and southern Austrians protested against it, whereupon most of them were removed again in the next edition.

In the 1980s, the linguistic demarcation from Germany took a back seat, and the editors of the Austrian dictionary took an active part in the discussion on the reform of German spelling . However, they did not take part in the all-German unit dude published shortly after the fall of the Wall in 1991 . The discussion about the orthographic reform dragged on and therefore prevented a new edition of the Austrian dictionary. Eight years passed between the 37th edition in 1990 and the 38th edition in 1998, the year in which the reformed German spelling came into force. In the meantime, the public excitement surrounding Austria's accession to the EU in 1995 had heated people's minds and led to a new metalinguistic discussion about Austrian German and the usefulness of uniform spelling. The editors of the Austrian dictionary stuck to the jointly agreed orthographic reform, but added numerous additional Austrianzisms to the 38th edition (the number of lemmas rose from 37,100 to 62,800).

Thus, the Austrian German officially codified by the Austrian dictionary is presented today in a spelling that corresponds to Germany, but with more specific vocabulary than ever before. The metalinguistic discussion about Austrian German is therefore by no means complete, both inside and outside Austria.

Current version

The edition for the 60th anniversary

The 43rd edition was published in 2016 and, like the previous edition, comprises 928 pages in the school edition. The complete edition with the official regulations comes to 1056 pages. The 42nd edition appeared in 2012 as a revised anniversary edition for the sixty years of the Austrian dictionary.

The 41st edition appeared in 2009 with 1008 pages and in the somewhat less extensive school edition with 864 pages. There is also a compact edition with the basic vocabulary of 20,000 entries. The authors of the 40th edition were the Germanists Otto Back, Erich Benedikt , Karl Blüml, Jakob Ebner, Hermann Möcker from the Institute for Austrian Studies and the grande dame of Austrian dialect research Maria Hornung , Professor Heinz Dieter Pohl from the University of Klagenfurt and the already emeritus Univ .-Prof. Herbert Tatzreiter from the University of Vienna .

In the full edition, around 3,000 new terms have been added compared to the 39th edition, such as e-cards for the Austrian health insurance card , hackers' regulation and pension harmonization . From the everyday vocabulary, the following new word creations have been added under the initial letter A alone: elderly care worker, tapping, free transfer, audiobook, afro look and alcopops . In addition, numerous terms from the computer and Internet area have been included, such as: Skype, VoIP, blog, Linux and Wikipedia .

However, some new terms in the Austrian dictionary differ from the Duden, for example texting is now standardized in Austria , while in the Duden it is called texting . From the field of sport, for example, the term blood doping was taken up because of the doping affair at the Olympic Winter Games in Turin, which the Austrian media discussed for a long time.

However, some terms that are no longer in use have been removed, such as shut-off command , affengeil and middle school for workers . The words Schilling and Gendarmerie still exist, even if the underlying signified no longer exists in everyday life. Typical dialect expressions, which are also used in Austria in writing, are also still included, such as the Kärntner Strankerl or the Zöger or Zeger for a woven basket.

Other typical Austrian terms in the Austrian dictionary include: Dulliähwohl, Greißler, Gwohlst, Jausengegner, Käsekrainer, klass, Outwachler, Pfusch, pipifein, Roadpricing, Stockerlplatz, Szeneebeisl, Czech, zach and zerknautschen .

Some parents complained to the dictionary commission that the Austrian dictionary contained too many “dirty” expressions, which is why from the 39th edition the meaning “coit” was omitted from the colloquial expression pempern . It has been listed again since the 42nd edition.

The spelling of the words in the Austrian dictionary has been based on the current, reformed spelling since the 38th edition, which is why there are only spelling differences to the German Duden if words are pronounced differently.

See also

literature

  • 43rd edition: Austrian dictionary. Published on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education; Editing: Christiane M. Pabst, Herbert Fussy , Ulrike Steiner. 43rd edition. öbv, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-209-08513-9 (school edition), ISBN 978-3-209-08514-6 (full edition), ISBN 978-3-209-09360-8 (Dictionary and e-Book ), ISBN 978-3-209-04863-9 (compact edition)
  • 42nd edition:
    • Austrian dictionary. Published on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Education, Art and Culture; Editing: Herbert Fussy, Ulrike Steiner. 42nd edition. öbv, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-209-06884-2 (school edition).
    • Austrian dictionary. Published on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Education, Art and Culture; Editing: Herbert Fussy, Ulrike Steiner. 42nd edition. öbv, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-209-07361-7 (complete edition).
  • 41st edition:
    • Austrian dictionary. Published on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture; Otto Back; Editing: Herbert Fussy, Ulrike Steiner et al. 41st edition. öbv, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-06875-0 (bound book trade edition).
    • Austrian dictionary . School edition, 41st edition, öbv, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-06309-0 .
    • Jakob Ebner: Austrian Dictionary . Compact edition, 41st edition, öbv, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-209-04863-9 .

Secondary literature

  • Ulrich Ammon : The German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland - the problem of national varieties. Walter de Gruyter, 1995, ISBN 3-11-014753-X .
  • Gregor Retti: Austrianism in dictionaries. To the internal and external code of Austrian German . phil. Dissertation Innsbruck, 1999 (online)
  • Gregor Retti: The Austrian Dictionary. Development, word inventory, marking systems . Dipl.-Arb. Innsbruck, 1991 (online)
  • Rudolf Muhr : Austrian pronunciation dictionary, Austrian pronunciation database (Adaba) ; Incl. CD with 75,964 audio files. Lang, Frankfurt am Main / Vienna (among others) 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-55414-2 .
  • Wolfgang Pollak : What do Austrians think of their German? A linguistic and sociosemiotic analysis of the linguistic identity of Austrians. ÖGS / ISSS (Institute for Socio-Semiotic Studies), Vienna 1992.

Web links

Commons : Austrian German  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Basis of the official Austrian regulations - see: BMBF, Austrian Dictionary , Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-209-06884-2 , 42nd edition - p. 7
  2. ^ Dollinger, Stefan: The Pluricentricity Debate: On Austrian German and Other Germanic Standard Varieties . Routledge, London, UK 2019, ISBN 978-0-429-63179-5 , pp. 48 .
  3. ↑ Rules for German spelling. In: Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia. Retrieved June 7, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Austrian dictionary . 1972, p. Inside title page .
  5. ↑ Publisher's report , accessed on January 23, 2017.
  6. ↑ Peter Utgaard: Remembering and Forgetting Nazism ; chapter Reversing the Gleichschaltung in Austrian Education. Berghahn Books, 2003, ISBN 978-1-57181-187-5 .
  7. ↑ This provoked the ironic expression "Hurdestan" or "Hurdistan" used by critics for Austria.
  8. ^ Augustin: Ernst Pacolt and the idea of ​​the moderate lower case
  9. ↑ Martin Putz, Innsbruck: “Austrian German” as a foreign language? Critical considerations.
  10. ↑ Entry on the Austrian language in the Austria Forum  (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
  11. ↑ Ernst Pacolt: My first dictionary ; for the second to fourth grade; by Ernst Pacolt, Albert Krassnigg, Ernst Höller. Austrian Bundesverlag, Vienna / Graz 1964.
  12. ↑ Albert Krassnigg: Small dictionary ; by Albert Krassnigg and Ernst Pacolt with colleagues. by Peter Höller; 30., arr. u. exp. Edition. Austrian Bundesverl., Vienna 1973, ISBN 3-215-01103-4 .
  13. ↑ Josef Freund: Small Austrian Dictionary Red .: Dictionary section of the Österr. Federal publ. Mithrsg .: Josef Freund, Franz Jarolim, Ernst Pacolt. Illustr .: Emanuela Delignon. Austrian Federal publ. (inter alia), Vienna (inter alia) 1981.
  14. ↑ Jakob Ebner: Duden - How do you say in Austria? Dictionary of Austrian peculiarities. Bibliographisches Institut, Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Vienna 1969.
  15. ↑ Otto Langbein published under the pseudonym Dr. Ferdinand Gstrein also numerous essays on the subject of “Austrian German” and “Austrian Nation”, with some very patriotic appeals such as Speak Austrian! He kept this a secret from the ÖWB editorial team.
  16. ↑ Gregor Retti: The Austrian Dictionary (extensive treatise on the ÖWB, as PDF; 335 kB)
  17. ↑ Martin Putschögl: How to talk in the country here. In: Der Standard (online). August 31, 2006, accessed July 17, 2019 .