List of major dictionaries

The lexicography , which is the creation of dictionaries , commercial and political constraints follows; nevertheless, the great achievements of lexicography often shape culture. Historically important and currently in use dictionaries are collected below : German dictionaries, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries including German, dictionaries in other languages .

German language dictionaries

Older dictionaries on the German language

• The forerunners of the dictionaries were the glossaries , of which the Abrogans from the 8th century is the oldest Upper German.
• The "Adelung" ( grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect by Johann Christoph Adelung ), first edition 1781. First large general dictionary of the German language.
• German dictionary , started in 1838 by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm ("Grimmsches Wörterbuch" or DWB), the most comprehensive German dictionary, developed according to historical principles. Completed 1961. Revised 1983ff.
• Concise dictionary of the German language with regard to spelling, ancestry and formation, bending and joining of words, as well as their affinity by Johann Christian August Heyse , continued by his son Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse , 1833–1849.
• Dictionary of the German language by Daniel Sanders , 1860–1865.
• Orthographic dictionary by Konrad Duden , first edition 1880. Often only the Duden . In the meantime published in the 27th edition (2017), ed. from the Duden editorial team.
• Etymological dictionary of the German language by Friedrich Kluge , first edition 1883. 25th edition: de Gruyter 2011.
• German dictionary by Moritz Heyne , 1890–1895.

20th century dictionaries

• Dictionary of contemporary German , 6 volumes, published 1961–1977 by the Academy of Sciences of the GDR under the direction of Ruth Klappenbach. Wasdigitizedas part of the DWDS project. Theconcise dictionary of contemporary German in 2 volumes (1984), edited by Günter Kempcke, was derived from him.
• Duden - The large dictionary of the German language , 6 volumes, Mannheim 1976–1981. 3rd ed. 1999 in 10 volumes.
• Brockhaus Wahrig German Dictionary , 6 volumes, Wiesbaden / Stuttgart 1980–1984. Compact cover print
• German Foreign Dictionary , 7 volumes, de Gruyter 1913–1988.

Current dictionaries for the German language

• Duden German Universal Dictionary, a one-volume general-language complete dictionary, now in its 8th edition (2015).
• German dictionary , originally edited by Gerhard Wahrig , now at Bertelsmann.
• The Dudenverlag publishes a series of special dictionaries (see Duden ) in twelve volumes under the title Der Duden (formerly: Der Große Duden ). These include: 1. The German spelling , 2. The style dictionary , 3. The picture dictionary , 5. The foreign dictionary , 6. The pronunciation dictionary , 7. The dictionary of origin , 8. The synonym dictionary , 9. Correct and good German , 10. The dictionary of meanings , 11. Sayings , 12. Quotations and sayings . (4. The grammar is not a dictionary.)
• The Mackensen with information on spelling, grammar, style, word explanations, abbreviations, pronunciation and history of the German vocabulary. First edition 1954, last in 2008.
• With Langenscheidt's large dictionary of German as a foreign language (1993), the dictionary of German as a foreign language (2000) published by de Gruyter and PONS large dictionary of German as a foreign language (2011), the learner's dictionary was also established for the German language.
• The German variant dictionary, published in 2004, describes the regional variants of the German standard language for the first time .
• Austrian dictionary : the official dictionary of the German language valid for Austria. It is published by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag (ÖBV) in Vienna.
• PONS The German spelling : Online dictionary of the German language comprising around 152,000 key words

Lexicons for a vocabulary excerpt

• Manfred Günther : Childhood - Youth - Old Age. The paperback dictionary . 2nd expanded edition 2020 with over 1250 words; Foreword by HG Butzko , 37 illustrations: Stuttmann ; Rheine 2020, ISBN 978-3-946537-62-5
• EHM Gilissen: German Slang - the real German , Bielefeld 2007
• Bodo Mrozek: Lexicon of threatened words ; Reinbek 2005
• Tilo Cramm and Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area ; Werne 2002

Dictionaries for the older High and Low German language

• Old High German Dictionary , founded in 1935 by Elisabeth Karg-Gasterstädt and Theodor Frings , Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig
• Middle High German dictionary . Using d. Edited by Georg Friedrich Benecke. by Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Zarncke. Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1863
• Matthias Lexer : Middle High German Concise Dictionary. At the same time as a supplement and alphabetical index to the Middle High German dictionary by Benecke-Müller-Zarncke. Hirzel, 1872-1878
• Middle High German dictionary . Edited by Kurt Gärtner, Klaus Grubmüller, Karl Stackmann. Volume 1 ff. Hirzel, Stuttgart 2006 ff.
• Central Low German Concise Dictionary
• Early New High German Dictionary
• The German dictionary , begun by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm ("Grimmsches Wörterbuch" or DWB), as well as the current revision of the first six letters, deal with the historical development of the German vocabulary.
• The Swiss Idioticon is not only a dialect dictionary, but also the late Middle High German and early New High German dictionary of Switzerland.
• The German legal dictionary deals with the German legal vocabulary (in the broader sense) from a historical perspective
• The German foreign dictionary , begun by Hans Schulz and Otto Basler , developed since 1995 at the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim, represents the foreign vocabulary of the German standard language in its historical development.

Specialized dictionaries in German

• German legal dictionary
• Dictionary of German winegrowers' language

Large-scale and other multi-volume dialect dictionaries from the German-speaking area

The list shows the (more or less) recent, large-scale landscape and other multi-volume dictionaries developed according to scientific principles. For the historical cf. the article Idiotikon .

• Baden dictionary (1925ff.)
• Bavarian Dictionary (1995ff.)
• Brandenburg-Berlin Dictionary (1968–2001)
• Frankfurt Dictionary (1971–1985)
• Franconian dictionary
• Hamburg Dictionary (1985-2006)
• Helgoland dictionary (1957ff.)
• Hessen-Nassau dictionary (1927ff.)
• Luxembourg Dictionary (1954–1975)
• Mecklenburg dictionary (1937–1992)
• Middle Elbian dictionary (2002ff.)
• New Cologne vocabulary (1981)
• Lower Saxony dictionary (1953 / 65ff.)
• North Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary (1968–2006)
• Palatinate Dictionary (1965–1998)
• Pomeranian Dictionary (1997ff.)
• Prussian Dictionary (1981-2005)
• Rhenish dictionary (1928–1971)
• Silesian Dictionary (1963-1965)
• Schleswig-Holstein Dictionary (1906, 1925 / 1927–1935)
• Swabian dictionary (1901-1936)
• Swiss Idioticon (1881ff.)
• Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary (1924–1931, 1971ff.)
• Sudeten German Dictionary (1988ff.)
• South Hessian Dictionary (1965 / 68-2010)
• Thuringian dictionary (1966 / 99-2006)
• Vorarlberg Dictionary (1960–1965)
• Westphalian dictionary (1969ff.)
• Dictionary of Bavarian dialects in Austria (1963ff.)
• Dictionary of the Banat German Dialects (2013ff.)
• Dictionary of German-Lorraine dialects (1909)
• Dictionary of the Danube Swabian technical vocabulary (1997-2005)
• Dictionary of Alsatian Dialects (1899–1907)
• Dictionary of Upper Saxon Dialects (1978-2003)

Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries

• Sachs-Villatte (since 1869)
• Emploi des mots
• A Greek and Arabic Lexicon , 1992 ff.
• Complete German-Russian Dictionary (1856) and Complete Russian-German Dictionary (1859) by Iwan Jakowlewitsch Pawlowski

Specialized dictionaries

• Technological dictionary of the German, French and English languages, etc. by Johann Adam Beil , Wiesbaden 1853, an early specialist dictionary.
• RailLexic for rail transport
• Pocket Dictionary of Biochemistry German-English English-German / Pocket Dictionary of Biochemistry English-German German-English , Ed .: Peter Reuter, Birkhäuser Verlag; Basel, Boston, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7643-6197-2

Dictionaries in other languages

Historical dictionaries

• Greek : Γλώσσαι , late antique (Byzantine?) Dictionary of Hesychios of Alexandria , also an important source for neighboring languages ​​of Greek
• Japanese :
  • Shinsen Jikyō , published 892
  • Wamyō Ruijushō , published 938
  • Jikyōshū , published 1245
  • Setsuyōshū , published before 1496
• Italian : Vocabulario degli Accademici della Crusca , published 1612
• French :
  • Dictionaire universel, Contenant generalement tous les mots françois tant vieux que modern, & les termes de toutes les sciences et des arts by Antoine Furetière , published for the first time posthumously in 1690 by Pierre Bayle in The Hague and Rotterdam.
  • Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise published in 1694.
  • Dictionnaire de la Langue Française by Émile Littré , published 1863–1873;
• Latin : Apparatus eruditionis tam rerum quam verborum per omnes artes et scientias by Michael Pexenfelder ; Vocabularius brevilogus , 15th century
• Latin / Greek: Jean de Gorris: Definitionum medicarum libri xxiii. Paris 1564 (a specialist dictionary that shaped medical terminology)
• Portuguese : Vocabulario portuguez by Raphael Bluteau , published 1712–1721.
• Romani : Dictionary of the Gypsy Language 1755
• Russian : Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Greater Russian Language by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal , published 1863–1866
• Spanish :
  • Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española by Sebastián de Covarrubias y Orozco , published 1611.
  • Diccionario de la Lengua Española published by Real Academia Española , published 1726–1739.
• English : Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson , published 1755
• Korean : Keun Sajeon ( 큰 사전 K'ŭn Sajŏn 'Great Dictionary') edited by the Korean Language Society, published in six volumes from 1947 to 1957

Current dictionaries

Danish

• Ordbog over det danske Sprog (ODS), 27 volumes plus source volume 1918–1956, 5 supplement volumes 1992–2005

Danish dialects:

• Ømålsordbogen (laid out in 18–20 volumes; eight volumes published so far [2011])

English

British:

• Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 2nd ed. 20 volumes. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989; 3rd edition also as CD and online version.

american:

• Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged . 3rd edition. Ed. Philip Babcock et al. a. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass. 1993.
• Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary , 11th Edition. Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass. 2003.

French

• Trésor de la langue française. Dictionnaire de la langue du XIX ^e et du XX ^e siècle (1789-1960) . Edited by Paul Imbs et al. Bernard Quemada. 16 volumes. CNRS / Gallimard, Paris 1971–1994.
• Le Grand Robert de la langue française . 2nd Edition. Edited by Alain Rey. 9 volumes. Le Robert, Paris 2001.
• Le Petit Robert . Edited by Josette Rey-Dubove et al. Alain Rey. Le Robert, Paris 2018. ISBN 2-85036-976-4

This article or section needs to be revised: Information on the 9th edition in the list of important dictionaries and Dictionnaire de l'Académie française # print edition of the 9th edition contradict each other.
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• Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
  • 8th edition (A - Z), Paris, 1932–1935
  • 9th edition, Volume 1 (A - Enz), 1992, Imprimerie nationale / Fayard, ISBN 2-213-62142-X
  • 9th edition, Volume 2 (Éoc - Map), Paris, 2000, Imprimerie nationale / Fayard
• Le Dictionnaire, Dictionnaire regroupant définitions, synonymes, conjugaison ...

French dialects:

• Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande , 1924–

Greek (ancient Greek)

• A Greek-English Lexicon , 1940 with Suppl.
• Concise dictionary of the Greek language , often new since 1819

Indo-European

• Julius Pokorny : Indo-European etymological dictionary , 2 volumes, Francke, Bern / Munich 1947–1966, 5th edition 2005.

Italian
Italian dialects:

• Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana , 1952–

Japanese

• Kōjien , 1955 (6th edition: 2008)
• Daijirin , 1988 (3rd edition: 2006)
• Daijisen , 1995 (2nd edition: 1998)

Yiddish

• Nahum Stutchkoff : the ojzer fun, the yidish talked. YIVO, New York 1991 (reprint of 1950 edition), ISBN 0-914512-46-3 (thesaurus of the Yiddish language).
• Juda A. Jofe , Yudel Mark : great book of values ​​fun of the Yidish language. Vol. 1–4 New York 1961–1980 (planned as a multi-volume dictionary of recent and historical Yiddish; unfinished).

Latin

• A Latin Dictionary
• Thesaurus Linguae Latinae , 1900–
• New Latin Lexicon, Bonn 1998

Dutch

• Van Dale Groot woordenboek van de Nederlandse taal , 1864–
• Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT), 40 volumes, 1864–1998

Norwegian

• Norsk Ordbok , twelve volumes, 1966–2016

Romanian

• Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române (DOOM2), 2nd edition 2005
• Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române (DEX), edition 2016

Scottish

• Scottish National Dictionary , ten volumes, 1931–2002, supplements published online
• Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue , twelve volumes, 1931-1976

Swedish

• Svenska Academies ordbok (SAOB), 1893–
• Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL), 1 volume (12th edition 1998)
• Nationalcyklopedins ordbok , three volumes, 1995–1996

Spanish

• Diccionario de la Lengua Española of the Real Academia Española

Other language (s

• Azerbaijani : Azerbaycanca-Almanca Lueget, 1 volume (1st edition, Verlag auf dem Ruffel-Engelschoff 1999)
• Esperanto : Plena Ilustrita Vortaro published in Paris in 1972, reprinted in 2002
• Finnish : Suomi-Saksa-Suomi sanakirja, one volume, Rolf Klemmt & Ilkka Rekiaro, publisher: Gummerus Kustannus Oy

Specialized dictionaries

English

• English : Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology . Editor: Christopher Morris; published 1992, San Diego, CA (1st volume, two columns, 2432 pages, 124000 headwords)

See also

• Documenta linguistica (reprints of older German dictionaries)

literature

On the lexicography and lexicology of German

• Herbert Ernst Wiegand: International bibliography on Germanistic lexicography and dictionary research. With consideration of English, Nordic, Romance, Slavic and other metalexicographical research. 3 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter 2006–2007
• Haß-Zumkehr, Ulrike: German dictionaries. The focus of language and cultural history. Berlin / New York 2001.
• Herbert Ernst Wiegand : Dictionary research: Studies on dictionary usage, theory, history, criticism and automation of lexicography . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000.
• The German Lexicography of the Present. In: Dictionaries, Dictionaries, Dictionnaires. An international handbook on lexicography. Edited by Franz Josef Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert Ernst Wiegand, Ladislav Zgusta. 2nd part. (Handbooks for Linguistics and Communication Science 5.2). Berlin / New York 1990, 2100–2246.
• Koschitz, Norbert: Dictionaries and word banks. Considerations on lexicography in view of the upcoming spelling reform. In: Nürnberger Zeitung of March 18, 1989 (not December 18, 1989, as erroneously in Wiegand Internat. Bibl. For German Lexicography Vol. 2, 2006 No. 11304)

Bibliographic indexes of dictionaries

• Franz Claes: Bibliographical index of German vocabularies and dictionaries, printed until 1600 . Hildesheim: Olms, 1977
• Peter Kühn: German dictionaries: a systematic bibliography . Tübingen: Niemeyer 1978
• Burkhard Schaeder: Small bibliography of German dictionaries - systematically arranged: encyclopedias, specialist dictionaries, general language dictionaries, special language dictionaries . Siegen: Siegen Institute for Languages ​​at Work, 2000
• Wolfram Zaunmüller: Bibliographical Handbook of Language Dictionaries. an international directory of 5600 dictionaries from 1460–1958 for more than 500 languages ​​and dialects . Stuttgart: Hiersemann 1958

Web links

Wiktionary: Dictionaries of the German language  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Information on the dictionary of contemporary German (WDG) and the digital WDG dwds.de
2. ↑ Werner Wolski, Andreas Cyffka: Großwörterbuch German as a foreign language . ( Information in Google Book Search).
3. ↑ Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Gorris, Jean de. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 504.
4. ↑ Trésor de la Langue Française online
5. ↑ Le Dictionnaire , online
6. ^ Diccionario de la Lengua Española , online