Idioticon

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An idioticon is a dictionary that explains dialectal as well as sociolectal or technical expressions, thus usually a dialect or regionalism dictionary .

Conceptual and scientific history

The term idioticon comes from the 18th century. Etymologically, the word goes back to the Greek idios 'separate, proper, private'; an idioticon is therefore a 'directory of expressions peculiar to a certain landscape [and therefore require explanation]'. The opinion that the word goes back to Greek idiotes 'private, unlearned, amateur', idiom 'language, dialect', idiot in its earlier meaning 'uneducated, man from the people' or from Greek idiotikos 'artless, mean' and thus means 'dictionary of the vernacular' is inapplicable.

The term Idiotikon was created in 1743 by the Greek professor Michael Richey for his Hamburg dictionary (see below). The word idiotism can be found for the first time in Johann Bödiker's Principles of Teutsche Sprache, Berlin 1746, where it is used to mean 'syntactic style varied in terms of place, time, person or situation'. Carl Friedrich Aichinger (1753/4) and Johann Christoph Gottsched (1762) understood idiotisms as 'idioms, phraseologisms'. In the later generally accepted meaning 'expression peculiar to a certain landscape', the term idiotism is possibly used for the first time in the second edition of Richey's dictionary printed in 1755.

In terms of the history of science, idiotics are at the beginning of dialectology and are based on the increasing travel activity in the enlightened 18th century.

Better known and lesser known idiotics

The first printed dictionary that is Idiotikon called, was the first time in 1743 come out Idioticon Hamburgense or words book to explain their own, Saxony Nieder-in and common to Hamburg Mouth Style of Michael Richey (1678-1761). In 1759 the idioticon Prussicum by Johann Georg Bock was published in Königsberg. Almost at the same time, namely around 1760, the idioticon Rauracum or Basel dictionary by the Basel professor Johann Jacob Spreng (1699–1768) was written, but it was not published at the time (full edition 2014). The idioticon bernense and Glossarium helveticum by the Bernese Samuel Schmidt, who died in 1768, originate from the same period . From Johann Jakob Bodmer's idioticon Turicense or Zurichgoviense, propagated in 1756 , with which he wanted to show that dialect words (in this case Zurich German) are venerable remnants of Old and Middle High German, only a sample of three printed sheets (1757) and a list of words in his appeared Textbook of the German language (1773).

Other well-known idiotics are the Nürnberger Idiotikon by Georg Andreas Will , which was created at the end of the 18th century, and the four-volume Holstein Idiotikon published by the jurist Johann Friedrich Schütze from 1800–1806 (reprint 1976). In 1811 an idioticon Austriacum was published, which is: Dialect of the Austrians, or the core of genuine Austrian phrases and idioms, from A to Z. Compiled by Ignaz von Sonnleithner , the 2nd edition appeared in 1824 "with special consideration for Vienna".

A first Swiss Idiotikon was published in 1806 and 1812 by Pastor Franz Joseph Stalder as an "attempt". He was unable to print the finished manuscript of a revision (1832), and he bequeathed it to the Lucerne Central Library (1994 edition).

On the basis of Stalder's manuscript, Friedrich (Fritz) Staub , supported by the Antiquarian Society in Zurich , began work on a new Swiss Idioticon in 1862 . The name refers explicitly to Stalder's previous work and, because the term “idioticon” appeared increasingly out of date, before the appearance of the first delivery in 1881, it was heavily controversial. This “new” Idiotikon now comprises 16 volumes with over 150,000 headwords, making it the most extensive and detailed regional dictionary in the German-speaking world. The print version of the entire work, which will comprise 17 volumes, is planned to be completed in the mid-2020s.

Other dictionaries that are called idioticon are:

  • August Wilhelm Hupel : Idiotikon of the German language in Lief and Ehstland. In addition to interspersed waves for lovers. Riga 1795.
  • Joseph Müller and Wilhelm Weitz: The Aachen dialect. Idioticon with a poetic appendix. Mayer, Aachen / Leipzig 1836 ( digitized ).
  • Carl Jakob Durheim: Swiss plant idioticon. Hubert & Comp. (Körber), Bern 1856 (a dictionary of the plant names in the various dialects of German, French and Italian Switzerland).
  • Carl von Scheuchenstuel : Idioticon of the Austrian mountain and hut language. For a better understanding of the Austrian mountain law and its motives for non-Montanists . Braumüller, Vienna 1856 ( complete view in the Google book search).
  • Simon Martin Mayer (Ed.): Anton Ueberfelder's Kärntnerisches Idiotikon. Johann Leon, Klagenfurt 1862 ( complete view in the Google book search).
  • Johann Baptist Schöpf, Anton J. Hofer: Tirolisches Idiotikon. Wagner, Innsbruck 1866 ( complete view in Google book search).
  • Dr. AFC Vilmar: Idiotikon of Kurhessen. Marburg and Leipzig 1868; with a supplementary volume dialect and tribal supplements to AFC Vilmar's Idiotikon von Kurhessen by Hermann v. Pfister . Marburg 1886.
  • Martin Schultze : Idioticon of the North Thuringian dialect. Nordhausen 1874. ( digitized version )
  • Martin Tschumpert : An attempt at a Graubünden idioticon, at the same time a contribution to the presentation of the Middle High German language and the cultural history of Graubünden. Unfinished; five supplies appeared: Senti, Chur 1880. 1882. 1888; Manantschal, Erner & Cie., Chur 1892. 1896.
  • Selmar Kleemann: Contributions to a North Thuringian Idioticon. Quedlinburg program 1882. ( digitized )
  • Georg Autenrieth: Palatinate Idioticon. Zweibrücken 1899 ( digitized ).
  • Dr. D. Saul: A contribution to the Hessian Idiotikon. Marburg 1901. [About the dialect in the hometown of the author Balborn near Wolfhagen.]
  • Georg Kloß : The idioticon of boys' language . Edited with an introduction by Carl Manfred Frommel . Frankfurt a. M. 1931.
  • Harry Karl: The Heinersdorfer Idiotikon. Kronach 1988 (Upper Franconian dialect area).
  • The Züri-Slangikon, a collection of Zurich slang initiated by Domenico Blass in 1989, combines the words “ slang ” and “idioticon” in the title .

Not all dictionaries from the 18th and early 19th centuries were called idioticon . These include the Bremen-Lower Saxony dictionary published by the Bremen German Society from 1767–1771 and the Bavarian dictionary created by Johann Andreas Schmeller 1827–1836 .

literature

  • Provincial Words. German Idiotism Collections of the 18th Century. Edited by Walter Haas […], Berlin / New York 1994 (Historical word research. Studies on the linguistic and cultural history of German in its European references. Volume 3) [here also on the terminology].
  • Hans Trümpy : Swiss German language and literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (based on the printed sources). Krebs, Basel 1955 (writings of the Swiss Society for Folklore 36), pp. 120–156 (chapter Idiotika and Stalders Idiotikon ).

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: Idiotikon  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c cf. Haas (1984) XXV ff.
  2. ↑ So z. B. Hans Schulz: German Foreign Dictionary, Vol. I, p. 281, similar to the Etymological Dictionary of German, developed under the direction of Wolfgang Pfeifer, s. v. Idioticon .
  3. ↑ Manuscript in the Basel University Library . Excerpts published by Adolf Socin in Alemannia 15, 1888, 185-229. Complete publication by Heinrich Löffler under the title Idioticon Rauracum or Basel German Dictionary from 1768. Edition of the manuscript AA I 3 of the Basel University Library. Schwabe, Basel 2014.
  4. ↑ Manuscript in the Burgerbibliothek Bern , printed by Titus Tobler in Deutsche Mundarten II 357–372, 482–493, III 80–88, 289–297, 433–449, IV 13–25, 145–154.
  5. ^ Hans Trümpy: Swiss German language and literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (based on the printed sources). Krebs, Basel 1955 (writings of the Swiss Society for Folklore 36), pp. 120–156, here p. 124 f.
  6. ^ Herbert Maas: The Willsche Idiotikon. In: Communications from the Association for the History of the City of Nuremberg. Vol. 49, 1959, pp. 361-436.
  7. ↑ Ignaz von Sonnleithner: Idioticon Austriacum, that is: Dialect of the Austrians, or the core of Austrian phrases and idioms, from A to Z. 2nd edition. Verlag F. Wimmer, Vienna 1824 (Google book search, full view).
  8. ↑ Ed. By Niklaus Bigler under the title: Schweizerisches Idiotikon mixed with etymological remarks. Including an appendix of the abbreviated baptismal names. Sauerländer, Aarau / Frankfurt a. M. / Salzburg 1994 (language landscape 14).