Konrad Duden

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Konrad Duden, 1880s
The 3rd edition of the Duden 1887
The "Buchdruckerduden" 1903

Konrad Alexander Friedrich Duden (born January 3, 1829 in Lackhausen , a current district of Wesel ; † August 1, 1911 in Sonnenberg ) was a Prussian- German high school teacher and emerged as a philologist and lexicographer . Konrad Duden created the eponymous spelling dictionary of the German language , the Duden , and thus influenced the late 19th century significantly the development of consistent spelling in German speaking countries.

Life

Konrad Duden was the second son of the landowner ( Gut Bossigt ), brandy distiller and railway official Johann Konrad Duden (1802–1885) and his wife Juliane Charlotte born. Monjé (1810–1883) was born. Duden was baptized on January 21, 1829 in the Protestant Mathenakirche in Wesel and spent the first years of his life in Lackhausen, his birthplace. In 1833 his family moved with him to the old town of Wesel. After graduating from the United Higher Citizens 'School and Scholars' School in Wesel in 1846 , Konrad Duden studied four semesters of history, German and classical philology at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn . There he joined the student union Bonner Wingolf .

After the first four semesters , he broke off his studies - presumably for financial reasons - and in 1848 took a position as tutor in Frankfurt am Main to finance his living. For several years, from 1848 to 1854, he worked as a tutor for the family of Senator Eduard Franz Souchay . Extensive study trips to the United Kingdom and French-speaking Switzerland also took place during this period .

Six years later, in 1854, he took the state examination at the University of Bonn with special permission, which had freed him from further studies due to his private tutoring, and acquired the qualification to teach Latin, Greek, French and German. In the same year Konrad Duden received his doctorate in absentia at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Marburg with the dissertation De Sophoclis Antigona . He broke off his traineeship at the Archigymnasium in Soest in 1854 and accepted a position as private tutor in Genoa, Italy ; from there he had already carried out his doctoral procedure in Marburg. Returned to Germany in 1859, he worked as a teacher and as director ( prorector ) at the Soester Archigymnasium.

In 1861 Duden married Adeline Jakob (1841-1924) in Messina , whom he had met there in 1854 as the daughter of the German consul . This marriage resulted in six children who survived infancy, including the eminent chemist Paul Duden . His grandchildren include the Mannheim business lawyer and law teacher Konrad Duden (1907–1979) and Lilo Milchsack (1905–1992), one of the founders of the German-British Society .

In 1869 he was appointed grammar school director to Schleiz (Principality of Reuss Younger Line ), where he worked out the rules for the later dictionary , because Franconian , Thuringian and Saxon dialects came together in Schleiz and the assessment of the spelling of a student depended on the language tradition in which the respective language tradition Teacher grew up. By his standard work Duden had particularly educated layers of the reading and writing is intended to help.

From 1876 to 1905 he was director of the Royal High School in Hersfeld . Here he published his most important work, Complete Orthographic Dictionary of the German Language , in 1880 . In 1905 he retired and took up his retirement home in Sonnenberg near Wiesbaden (Prussian province of Hessen-Nassau ). He died there in 1911 and was buried in the family grave in Bad Hersfeld at his own request.

meaning

Duden campaigned for the standardization of German spelling all his life . In 1871 he first published spelling rules with brief explanations under the title On German Spelling in the annual reports of Schleizer Gymnasium . He followed the phonetic principle "write as you speak". This typeface, intended for use in his grammar school, was soon well known in specialist circles and was published in the following year by the BG Teubner publishing house in Leipzig with the title The German Spelling ; a dictionary was already included with the work. This later so-called "Schleizer Duden" had a significant influence on the spelling debate in Germany and became the template for the following orthographic dictionaries.

Duden was also invited to the first conference in 1876 to “achieve greater unification in German spelling”, but this failed due to the objection of Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck .

The work Complete Orthographic Dictionary of the German Language , published on July 7, 1880 by Verlag Bibliographisches Institut , is considered the "Urduden" and contains 27,000 headwords on 187 pages. Bismarck issued a decree prohibiting the use of the orthography taught in Prussian schools in administration. It was not until 1901 that representatives of the German federal states and Austria-Hungary decided at a conference in Berlin that a uniform German spelling should be based on Duden's dictionary. In 1902, the German Bundesrat decided on Dudens rules for German spelling and vocabulary to be binding for all federal states of the German Empire ; Austria-Hungary and Switzerland followed suit. Accordingly, “Schlag im Duden nach!” Became a popular phrase when there were uncertainties in German spelling. The Duden in its currently 27th edition (2017) contains around 145,000 keywords.

Both the Konrad Duden Prize for Germanists and the Konrad Duden Journalist Prize are named after Duden .

  • Gut Bossigt in Wesel, Dudens birthplace

  • Konrad Duden Monument in the Bad Hersfeld Abbey District

  • Duden Museum in the Rutheneum Schleiz

  • Monument in the spa gardens of Bad Hersfeld

  • Dudenhaus Bad Hersfeld, where Duden lived from 1876 to 1905

  • Gravestone of Konrad Duden

  • Konrad Duden monument by Zhi Li in front of the Rutheneum (museum) in Schleiz

Works

  • The German spelling. Treatise, rules and dictionary with etymological information. For the upper classes of higher educational institutions and for self-instruction for the educated . Verlag BG Teubner, Leipzig 1872 (so-called Schleizer Duden).
  • Spelling guide . 2nd edition 1878.
  • Complete orthographic dictionary of the German language, according to the new Prussian and Bavarian rules . Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1880. Facsimile: Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1980.
  • Orthographic guide for practical life. Directory of all German and most foreign words, numerous proper names from geography and history, as well as many personal names of the present, in uniform spelling. Publishing house of the Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1881.
  • Complete orthographic dictionary for school. According to the official rules of the new orthography. Publishing house of the Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1882.
  • Etymology of the New High German language . 1893.
  • Orthographic dictionary. Series of Meyers Volksbücher. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna undated [1902].
  • German spelling of book printers . Leipzig / Vienna 1903 (also known as "Buchdruckerduden").

literature

  • Wilhelm Kroh: Konrad Duden (1829–1911) / Gymnasium director . In: Ingeborg Schnack (Ed.): Life pictures from Kurhessen and Waldeck 1830–1930. Fourth volume. Marburg a. L. 1950, pp. 52-59.
  • DUDEN . Commemorative publication for his 150th birthday on January 3, 1979. Published by the city of Bad Hersfeld. Bad Hersfeld 1979.
  • Wolfgang Ullrich Wurzel: Konrad Duden. 2nd, revised edition. Leipzig 1985.
  • Pierre Even: Konrad Duden in Sonnenberg and Wiesbaden . In: Nassauische Annalen , Volume 105. Wiesbaden 1994, pp. 223-233.
  • Wolfgang Ullrich Wurzel: Konrad Duden. Life and work. Mannheim and elsewhere 1998, ISBN 3-411-70701-1 .
  • Anke Goldberg: Konrad Duden. Write as you speak. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-093-9 .
  • Otto Basler:  Duden, Konrad Alexander. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1959, ISBN 3-428-00185-0 , p. 153 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Hans Günther Bickert: Dudens Promotion - An episode from the life of a Prussian career official . In: Journal of the Association for Hessian History (ZHG), 115, 2010, pp. 203-218.
  • Anke Goldberg: The life and work of Konrad Dudens. In: Der Sprachdienst , Volume 55, No. 6, 2011, pp. 171–177. (This issue of the magazine Der Sprachdienst was published with 4 articles on the 100th anniversary of Konrad Duden's death.)
  • Christian Stang: Konrad Duden and his dictionary - trailblazers of standard writing , Institute for Linguistic Education (ISB), Oldenburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-942122-06-1 .

Web links

Commons : Konrad Duden  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Duden, Konrad. Hessian biography. (As of January 15, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ^ Stations in the life of Konrad Duden (kdg-wesel.de)
  3. ↑ Konrad Duden (1829-1911), linguist at lvr .de, Rhenish History Portal, accessed on June 21, 2015
  4. ↑ Personal data of teachers in Prussia, Konrad Duden personal sheet. In: Archive database of the BBF | Library for Educational History Research of the DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education. Expert body for German schools and studies at the Berlin Institute for Teacher Training and School Development (BIL), accessed on December 29, 2018 .
  5. ^ German biography: Duden, Konrad - German biography. Retrieved January 15, 2018 .
  6. ^ Stefan Alles: Entry Duden, Konrad. Hessian biography (as of February 13, 2015). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on January 13, 2016 .
  7. ↑ Der Urduden , website of the Bibliographisches Institut publishing house, 2013, accessed December 27, 2014.
personal data
SURNAME Duden, Konrad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Duden, Konrad Alexander Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German philologist and editor of the first German spelling dictionary
DATE OF BIRTH January 3, 1829
PLACE OF BIRTH Lackhausen near Wesel
DATE OF DEATH August 1, 1911
Place of death Sonnenberg near Wiesbaden