Head-mounted display

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VR helmet HELMET VISION (2016)
An HTC Vive (2015).
EyeTap , an extremely small head-mounted display for augmented reality
A video glasses
Cinemizer video glasses
US Navy parachutists practicing virtually parachuting with head-mounted displays

A head-mounted display [ ˈhedmaʊntɪd dɪˈspleɪ ] (literally “display attached to the head ”), or HMD for short , is a visual output device that can be worn on the head . It either presents images on a screen close to the eye or projects them directly onto the retina (see virtual retinal display ). There are different forms of HMD devices, which have different names depending on the equipment (see forms).

species

There are different types of head-mounted displays, which are equipped differently depending on the intended use.

Video glasses

The simplest form of a head-mounted display is video glasses, which are glasses without additional sensors. These glasses consist of a headband, two small screens, headphones or earplugs and usually additional screens that allow video information to be viewed undisturbed by external optical stimuli. Video glasses are used in the private sector to watch DVDs or television programs, as well as for computer games. In the medical field, the systems can be used to deflect fear or pain, for example at the dentist's or other outpatient therapies.

FPV glasses

FPV glasses are a special form of video glasses. Equipped like normal video glasses, there is also a module slot on the side of the glasses. Here a 5.8 GHz module is used to receive the video image from a quadrocopter. With the FPV glasses it is possible to receive the live video image of the quadrocopter. Entire racing series have been created around the FPV glasses - the so-called FPV racing .

Virtual reality headset

A virtual reality headset also has sensors to detect the movement of the head. This allows the display of the calculated graphic to be adapted to the movements of the user. Data gloves or a 3D mouse can be used as additional input devices . Some systems also use touchless control using gesture recognition , which can use machine vision techniques .

AR glasses

The augmented reality glasses (also called data glasses) virtually project information in front of the eyes of the glasses wearer, while they are still not visually shielded from the outside world. Internet pages can be displayed differently from glasses to glasses (display on Google Glass ), but also "holograms", i. H. 3D graphics are projected into the field of view (e.g. with the Microsoft HoloLens ). Furthermore, be EyeTaps , head-up displays and contact lenses used. Systems that are used to generate artificial holograms , such as e.g. B. the Microsoft HoloLens.

Helmet-Mounted Display

The helmet-mounted display is a special form of the HMD . Here the HMD is part of a helmet, for example a helmet for pilots.

Effect and benefit

Due to the physical proximity, the image areas of head-mounted displays appear considerably larger than the free-standing screens and in extreme cases even cover the entire field of vision of the user. Since the display follows all head movements of the wearer through the head mount, he gets the feeling of moving directly in the image landscape generated by the computer. Some head-mounted displays isolate their wearer from other visual impressions of the environment and allow them to be completely immersed in a virtual reality . Others blend external and computer-generated images, allowing their wearer to perceive artificial objects of augmented reality as part of the tangible world.

In principle, head-mounted displays can be used as a convenient replacement for screens and enable, for example, viewing and editing of video material with extremely large image dimensions. By immersing the user in virtual reality, they can let prospective pilots and tank drivers practice complex vehicle operation and medical professionals practice risky operating techniques on the computer and offer players of 3D computer games the greatest possible realism to date. The semi-transparent augmented reality offers the possibility to show all kinds of information directly into the surroundings, starting with tourist information about sights to directions in road traffic up to the next step in the heating installation; combined with other systems, the sense of sight can be expanded to include heat perception or "X-ray vision".

history

  • 1957: Morton Heilig ( en: Morton Heilig ) files the patent application for his "Stereoscopic Television Apparatus for Individual Use" (also called "Telesphere Mask") with the US Patent Office, which is granted in 1960. The Telesphere Mask can be seen as the first HMD for displaying three-dimensional moving images, but it did not have head tracking .
  • 1966: Ivan Sutherland ( MIT ) and Raymond Goertz ( Argonne National Laboratory ) experiment with an HMD prototype and a data glove .
  • 1968: Ivan Sutherland builds the first functional head-mounted display with head tracking , the so-called "Sword of Damocles" (en: Sword of Damocles ). This HMD is so heavy that it also has to be carried by the ceiling.
  • 1985: Applications for virtual reality are developed at the Ames Research Center , a NASA research center . The workstation VIEW is created .
  • 1985: The military develops the Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System for the Hughes AH-64 . This system is integrated into the pilot's helmet. Among other things, it is equipped with a projection surface in front of the right eye, a night vision device and a head / sight direction system for arming the helicopter.
  • 1991: The Virtual Retinal Display is developed in the Human Interface Technology Lab (HIT).
  • 1993: Columbia State University researchers use a wearable computer that shows information on data glasses rather than on a screen.
  • 1994: Steve Mann , professor at MIT, who has been experimenting with wearable computers since the 1980s , connects you to a webcam . He puts the resulting images on the Internet by radio. He comments on this with the words: "It's fun being a cyborg."
  • 1994: With Forte VFX1 , one of the first VR helmets appears, which is affordable for end users. Some well-known computer game manufacturers support the VR helmet.
  • 2000: Microvisione developed an HDTV -HMD with 1920 × 1080 pixels for the Air Force .
  • 2003: Series production of the Eurofighter begins, the pilots of which are equipped with an HMD.
  • 2006: eMagin introduces a new HMD. With the name Eyebud 800 it is intended for direct connection to the Apple iPod .
  • 2007: Scalar announces large numbers of electronically retractable, lightweight cyber glasses for 2008.
  • 2009: The Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS) in Dresden presents interactive data glasses that can trigger control processes through eye movements.
  • 2011: Sony introduces the HMZ-T1, the first 3D-capable HMD with HD- OLED display.
  • 2012: John Carmack presents a specially designed HMD at E3 , which combines a large field of view (around 90 °) with low latency (around 20 ms) and a potentially low price.
  • 2012: The newly founded company Oculus VR starts a crowdfunding campaign through which the development of the Oculus Rift (110 ° diagonal field of view, 50 ms latency) should and will be financed.
  • 2012: Google Glass is presented to the public.
  • 2013: The Oculus Rift Development Kit 1 goes on sale for $ 350.
  • 2014: Sony presented at the Game Developers Conference with the Project Morpheus (later renamed PlayStation VR ) the prototype of a virtual reality goggles for the Playstation 4 .
  • 2015: Microsoft presents its matching data glasses, the Microsoft HoloLens , in connection with its latest Windows 10 operating system . It enables the embedding of three-dimensional holograms in the real world and interaction with them.
  • 2016: The Oculus Rift comes onto the market as a consumer version, followed by the competing product HTC Vive , which allows glasses and controllers to move freely within typical rooms thanks to its laser-based positioning of glasses and controllers. PlayStation VR will go on sale in October - significantly cheaper than the products mentioned above and with less precise position determination via stereo camera, which is usually concealed by the games.
  • 2018: Lenovo launches the Lenovo Explorer, a complete VR package that uses Windows Mixed Reality (WMR).

technology

The main components of an HMD are a display unit and HMD optics. The display unit delivers the image from a connected data source. This can be a laptop, a pocket computer or a stand alone player . The HMD optics forwards the image and projects it in front of the eye. However, the display must be adapted to the eye for people with ametropia (nearsighted or farsighted).

First generation data glasses were equipped with a cathode ray tube attached to each eye.

Today's HMDs are usually equipped with two LCD or OLED monitors. These are integrated into glasses or a data helmet.

HMDs can also have a Virtual Retinal Display (VRD). This technique projects an image directly onto the retina. This creates an image as if the data were floating in front of the eye. Together with transparent or translucent glasses, the eye can simultaneously perceive the surroundings and the representations of the glasses. Another advantage is that the image can be scaled so that the entire field of view is used. Modern HMDs are available with an image resolution of 1280 × 1024 pixels.

Equipped with a head tracker , the image can be adapted to the current direction of view. The head tracker can record the head movement using reference points on the HMD. With the collected position data of the head, the projected image can be changed in real time. This creates the feeling of being part of the application even when moving. Delayed and blurred display can lead to unpleasant side effects such as simulator sickness and a reduction in the presence and / or the degree of immersion .

Main technical parameter is adjacent stereoscopic capability, weight, resolution of the screens especially the so field of view (ger .: Field of View , shortly FOV) that is specified in well-documented devices as horizontal and vertical FOV.

List of known HMD devices

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ What does FPV quadrocopter actually mean? Article at Rotorjunkies.de. Last accessed on November 7, 2018.
  2. ↑ Stereoscopic television apparatus for individual use . May 24, 1957 ( google.com [accessed February 23, 2020]).
  3. ↑ HoloLens: Augmented Reality Glasses for Windows 10 Article at heise online. Last accessed on November 7, 2018.
  4. ↑ MWC 2016: HTC Vive costs 799 US dollars and speaks to cell phones Article at heise online. Last accessed on November 7, 2018.
  5. ↑ Playstation VR: Tips on connection and first impressions Article at heise online. Last accessed on November 7, 2018.
  6. ↑ Review Lenovo Explorer: Virtual Reality with Microsoft Article at TechStage. Last accessed on November 7, 2018.