Loan word formation

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In linguistics, loanword formation or foreign word formation is understood to be the area of word formation that uses word components ( constituents ) in the formation of further / new words that originally (at least partially) do not come from their own language, but from another, foreign language .

Examples

In German there are a large number of words that originally contain foreign language components; In many cases, these can now be used to form further words without having to resort to the language of origin in German. An example of a stem morpheme and an affix each illustrate this:

  • Example of a stem morpheme: Tele . This element goes back to the Greek tēle "far, far" and is used in the formation of many words, some of which are borrowed, but also originated in German itself, like fax .
  • Example of an affix: -ier- . This word formation element, which is contained in a great many verbs, comes from French, but is so common in German that it can be used in the formation of many verbs (for example in courting ) (for the spread of -ion in German be on grains 2002 referred to, for -ical in German and similar processes in French to Best 2002 and 2007).

The process is usually such that foreign words are taken over into a language and, as far as their components are recognizable, these can be used to form further words in the receiving language according to the pattern of the first borrowed.

Quantitative aspects

The importance of loanword formation in German could be determined by analyzing the word inventory contained in the final volume of the German foreign dictionary. Of the 9189 foreign words recorded, 3226 were formed in German itself and not borrowed as a whole, that is 35.11%. In other words, around a third of the vocabulary that is considered foreign or borrowed was first created in one's own language.

literature

  • Helmut Glück (Ed.), With the collaboration of Friederike Schmöe : Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 3rd, revised edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2005, ISBN 3-476-02056-8 , keyword: "Loan word formation".
  • Gabriele Hoppe, Alan Kirkness, Elisabeth Link, Isolde Nortmeyer, Wolfgang Rettig, Günter Dietrich Schmidt: Deutsche Loehnwortbildung. Contributions to the research of word formation with borrowed WB units in German. Narr, Tübingen 1987, ISBN 3-87808-464-1 .

Web links

Wiktionary: loan word formation  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: Foreign word formation  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ for example Peter O. Müller: Deutsche Fremdwortbildung. Problems of analysis and categorization. In: Vocabulary and spelling in past and present. Festschrift for Horst Haider Munske on his 65th birthday. Mechthild Habermann, Peter O. Müller, Bernd Naumann (eds.), Max Niemeyer Verlag , Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-484-73051-X , pp. 115-134.
  2. ↑ Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language . Edited by Elmar Seebold. 24th, revised and expanded edition. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2002, keyword “tele-”, ISBN 3-11-017472-3 .
  3. ↑ Kluge, keyword “Telefax”.
  4. ↑ Kluge, keyword "courting"
  5. ↑ Helle Körner: The growth of the words on -ion in German. In: Glottometrics 2, 2002, pp. 82–86 (PDF full text ).
  6. ^ Karl-Heinz Best: The growth of the words on -ical in German . In: Glottometrics 2, 2002, pp. 11–16 (PDF full text ); Karl-Heinz Best: On the expansion of some confixes and suffixes in French . In: Göttinger Contributions to Linguistics 14, 2007, pp. 29–33.
  7. ^ Alan Kirkness (ed.): German Foreign Dictionary (1913-1988). Justified v. Hans Schulz, continued by Otto Basler, continued at the Institute for the German Language. Vol. 7: List of sources, word index, epilogue. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1988, ISBN 3-11-011879-3 .
  8. ↑ Karl-Heinz Best: Where do the German foreign words come from? In: Göttinger Contributions to Linguistics 5, 2001, 7-20; Data p. 14.