Word fugue
A word fugue - often simply called a fugue if there is no risk of confusion - is the point at which the individual components in compound words ( compound words ) adjoin one another.
In some cases there is a joint element at these boundary points , for example in the fictitious word Hund e canteen n wirt s people three times. Some linguists regard these fugue elements as purely phonetic phenomena that facilitate pronunciation ( fugue sound ), others see them as morphemes and thus as word components with meaning, since in some cases they differentiate words according to their form and meaning ( fugue morpheme ): e.g. B. Land-es- polizei - Land-er-police . Their use in German follows (in some cases regional language ) rules that have not yet been fully researched. From a lexical and phonological / phonemic point of view, they are part of the word or part of a word in front of the fugue, but not to be seen as suffixes .
grammar
When composing , the word formation rules of German grammar must be observed.
spelling, orthography
In the case word joints play an important role, as they always joints for hyphenation represent, and for the word cleavage or word fragment separation . For example, one can speak of velvet and silk fabrics , but never write about employers, employers and administrators .
Speak
Similarly, word joints are important to speaking. In almost all cases, they require the speaker to take a minimal pause or remove the emphasis . In no case may phonemes be formed across the joint , because otherwise in the worst case completely wrong words would be understood, in the best case the pronunciation would still distort the meaning and thus be incorrect. An example of a distortion of meaning is reincarnation - correctly spoken re-incarnation - it would be wrong to suggest a reference to the root word pure , as in purity . Another example of possible distortion of meaning is the language game popular among lawyers with the word testator (for a deceased ), which emphasizes a different and yet two apparently close terms on the first and second syllables . As an example of possible word confusion when reading can a guardhouse serve; this expression is in today's written German as either just right from the context , a wax-room (a room) or a wax - Tube (a vessel) to detect, since the s around is gone and only the ubiquitous s is written. A whole range of proper names and geographical names are often mispronounced by those who are ignorant of the correct word fugue, such as Künzelsau (from Aue ), Neckarsulm (located at the confluence of the Neckar and Sulm rivers), Weilerswist (the Swist flows into the Erft here ) and many more.
typography
In (German-speaking) typography , it should be noted that ligatures are not used in word joints. So while coffee is set with an ff ligature, the f in are noticeably separate.
Attempted abolition
Lately in the formal language, the trend can be observed for omitting a joint-S, as taxation ( property tax instead of property tax ), law ( damages instead of damages ) and in the army ( meal ticket instead of meal ticket , but not the German Armed Forces held Bundeswehr ).
At the beginning of the 19th century, the writer Jean Paul suggested that the fugue-s should be abolished, because he considered the s-sound to be ugly and considered the fugue-s to be irregular and unnecessary. So he had all fugues eliminated in the later editions of his works. His plan met with massive opposition from the Brothers Grimm , who defended Fugen-s as a historically evolved part of the German language.
Quantitative aspects
If you examine dictionaries, texts or even corpora to see which fugues are used in the compound words, you can arrange them in rankings according to their frequencies. The Quantitative Linguistics has such a ranking as a case of the diversification law understood and demonstrated that the occurrence of joints is controlled by a voice law. Brüers & Heeren successfully carried out such an investigation using the example of some letters from Heinrich von Kleist and Meuser, Schütte & Stremme based on short stories by Wolfdietrich Schnurre. As part of so-called "linking elements" in composite words, joints are also included in the investigation by Gnatciuc & Gnatchuk.
literature
- Hadumod Bußmann (Ed.) With the collaboration of Hartmut Lauffer: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 4th, revised and bibliographically supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-520-45204-7 . Article: "Joint element".
- Duden. The grammar. 8th, revised edition. Bibliographisches Institut / Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-411-04048-3 . See in the index: Joint element .
- Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexicon Language . 4th, updated and revised edition. Verlag JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2010, ISBN 3-476-02335-4 . Article: "Fugue".
- Theodor Lewandowski: Linguistic Dictionary . 4th, revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1985, ISBN 3-494-02050-7 , article: "Fugenmorphem".
See also
Web links
swell
- ^ Jean Paul: About the German double words.
- ↑ Nina Brüers, Anne Heeren: Pluralallomorphs in Heinrich von Kleist's letters , in: Glottometrics 7, 2004, pp. 85–90 (PDF full text ).
- ↑ Katharina Meuser, Jana Madlen Schütte, Sina Stremme: Pluralallomorphs in the short stories by Wolfdietrich Schnurre , in: Glottometrics 17, 2008, pp. 12-17 (PDF full text ).
- ↑ Anastasia Gnatciuc, Hanna Gnatchuk: Linking Elements of German Compounds in the Texts of Technical Science , in: Glottometrics 40, 2018, p. 46–50 (PDF full text ).