Sulm (Neckar)

	Sulm
	Sulm river course (red)
	Data
Water code	DE : 23858
location	Swabian-Franconian forest mountains Löwenstein Mountains Southwest Löwenstein Mountains; Weinsberger valley; ; Neckar basin Heilbronn Bay Heilbronn-Wimpfen Valley; ; Baden-Württemberg Heilbronn district City of Löwenstein ; Gde. Obersulm ; Gde. Ellhofen ; City of Weinsberg ; Gde. Erlenbach ; City of Neckarsulm ; City of Bad Friedrichshall ; Gde. Untereisesheim ; ;
River system	Rhine
Drain over	Neckar → Rhine → North Sea
source	des Buchbach: approx. 1.3 km south of the Löwenstein Clinic on the L 1116 ; 49 ° 4 ′ 47 ″ N , 9 ° 24 ′ 5 ″ E
Source height	approx. 464 m above sea level NHN
muzzle	opposite Untereisesheim from the right and south in the Neckar coordinates: 49 ° 12 '27.6 " N , 9 ° 12' 43.55" O 49 ° 12 '27.6 " N , 9 ° 12' 43.55" O;
Mouth height	slightly below 148 m above sea level NHN
Height difference	approx. 316 m
Bottom slope	approx. 12 ‰
length	26.3 km from Q. des Buchbach
Catchment area	121.758 km²
Reservoirs flowed through	Breitenauer See
Residents in the catchment area	About 70,000
	The Sulm near Erlenbach

Sulmtal seen from Löwenstein

The Sulm in the Weinsberger Valley in the northwest of the Swabian-Franconian Forest Mountains

The Sulm and its tributaries in 1923

The Sulm flows into the Neckar (left)

The Sulm is a non-navigable right tributary of the Neckar in the Heilbronn district in Baden-Württemberg . It rises in the Löwenstein Mountains and, after a good 25 km to the northwest, flows into the Neckar a little more than 315 meters below its origin on the border between the Untereisesheim community and the town of Bad Friedrichshall . From Neckarsulm it has been flowing underground in Dolen for over 2 km since the 1970s .

For the valley of the Sulm and its side valleys, the name Weinsberger Tal is common, after the most important place Weinsberg in it. The medieval Sulmgau was named after the river .

geography

origin

The Sulm rises south of the town of Löwenstein on the edge of the Löwenstein mountains . Different streams come into question as sources, which, depending on the interpretation, can be viewed either as source streams or as tributaries. In the Löwensteiner Gewann Sauklinge spring not far from the Löwenstein Clinic and Landesstraße 1066 at about 460 m above sea level. NHN three of these brooks, which soon flow together westward. This brook is also sometimes referred to as the Sauklinge . A little further down the stream, where a forest path crosses the stream, there is a sign indicating the alleged origin of the Sulm at this point. After another tributary in Gewann Schlagweiler, further west, immediately southeast of Landesstraße 1111 (Vorhofer Straße), the stream meets another tributary through which the artificially dammed Bleichsee in the south drains on the terrace of the cherry plain.

The Bleichsee lies on the watershed between Sulm and Schozach and is held by dams in both directions. It is fed with water, among other things, which is carried away through an old mill ditch from the Buchbach, which rises further east at 465 m above sea level. Without this intervention it would flow to the Schozach; but so it gets into the Bleichsee and from there into the Sulm. Depending on the (literature) source used, the short piece of the Bleichsee drainage or even the entire upper Buchbach including the Mühlgraben to the Bleichsee is considered to be Sulm , which in this case reaches a total length of 26.3 km (originating in the Sauklinge only 25.5 km).

course

Indisputable the name is Sulm immediately in any case from the confluence of the two streams from the Sauklinge and from the Bleichsee at the L 1111. From there, from flowing the Sulm, for a short stretch at the site of the mineral water bottler Teusser verdolt (ie underground ), on the edge of the Löwenstein district of Teusserbad and past the Lautereck moated castle built in 1623 to the north, then to the east past the Löwenstein district of Rittelhof. At the Seemühle south of the B 39 , one of originally three Löwensteiner mills, it feeds a Mühlsee. After crossing under the B 39 it is not far from the Beckershof farmstead for reasons of flood protection at approx. 222 m above sea level. NHN dammed up to the 39.9 hectare artificial lake Breitenauer See , the larger part of which is already located in the Obersulmer district and was built between 1975 and 1980. To the north-west of Obersulm-Weiler, it leaves it again below the lake dam. The old Sulm bed is initially only fed by springs and drainage discharges directly below the dam. The water flowing out of the Breitenauer See, on the other hand, is led underground in a dole to the north of the Weiler-Affaltrach road, then flows a few dozen meters in a preserved part of the old mill ditch of the Affaltracher mill and finally meets the Sulm tributary Schlierbach, which is a few meters further flows into the Sulm itself. The Sulm then turns to the west-northwest and flows through the Obersulm districts Affaltrach, Willsbach and Sülzbach. Sülzbach is on the right bank. The following Ellhofen, on the other hand, touches it on its northeastern edge, crosses under the Crailsheim – Heilbronn railway line and then flows steadily to the northwest into Weinsberg territory, but not through the town of Weinsberg itself.

Right at the beginning it is led right through the middle of the Weinsberg motorway junction , where the A 6 and the A 81 intersect. The Weinsberger Benzenmühle, which had to give way to the motorway construction, stood at this point until 1971. What has been preserved, however, is the rabbit mill, which stood on the water after crossing under the motorway junction. Already on the Erlenbacher district, but still to the east of this place, there is a dam for a flood retention basin after the tributary of the Weißenhofbach.

At the edge of Erlenbach and its district Binswangen to the left, the Sulm flows further to the northwest towards Neckarsulm . There the dam of another flood retention basin crosses the half-kilometer-wide valley floor. From the city limits, the Sulm flows straight in a park area, the Sulmtalpark, which was created in 1975. There used to be a few mills along its course in the Neckarsulm area. The Nähermühle located right on the city limits was demolished in 1988. From here, Sulm used to make a wide arc to the north and then west through the NSU Motorenwerke site . After two floods in 1970, the river was verdolted from 1973 to 1975. Since then it has been running underground for more than 2.6 km and meets the Neckar Canal, which was completed in 1925 (in this section) in the north of the Neckarsulm district, on the border with Bad Friedrichshall . There the Sulm is immediately passed under the canal; shortly before, it can be seen several meters below in a maintenance structure.

On the west side of the Neckar Canal, it reappears on the "island" between the Canal and Altneckar, flows here about 250 m directly north of the border between Bad Friedrichshall and Untereisesheim in the Bad Friedrichshall area and then flows across from the southern Untereisesheim at 148 m above sea level . NHN in the Neckar.

The Sulm flows after a 26.3 km long run from the origin of the Buchbach with a mean bed gradient of 12 ‰ about 316 meters lower. According to the water typology, it is a carbonate low mountain range rich in fine material.

Catchment area

The Sulm catchment area covers around 122 km² . It extends from a small forest crest in Hummelsbühl to 483.5 m above sea level. NHN over the sources of the Buchbach in a northwesterly direction about 20 km to the mouth; across it it reaches a maximum width of about 10 km. From a natural perspective, their sources are still in the sub-area of the southwest Löwenstein Mountains of the Löwenstein Mountains . At Löwenstein she then enters the lower area of the Weinsberger Tal , in which she runs the major part of her way. Your last section, which only begins in Neckarsulm, then lies in the Heilbronn-Wimpfener Tal sub-area of the neighboring Heilbronn Bay natural area.

It is delimited by a short watershed to the lowest Kocher in the north, a very long north-east towards its large underflow tributary Brettach , a very short south-east towards the Murr and two medium-long ones first to the Schozach in the south-south-west, then to all of these draining Neckar in the west-south-west and west, where beyond the city of Heilbronn in the Neckar basin.

The highest point is around 515 m above sea level. NHN on the watershed to the Brettach tributary Bernbach on a nameless small flat forest knoll between the B 39 and the hollow stone .

On a large scale, the Sulm has two sections in different directions, the first northwards to Obersulm-Affaltrach, here it only initially has not very small upper reaches and tributaries in the mountain heights around Löwenstein and then finally in Affaltrach at its north-west bend the larger right of Schlierbach and Michelbach . On the following, twice as long lower section, tributaries of a certain size run to it regularly, including its two largest, the right Eberbach and the left Stadtseebach .

and display information about the image

Lower Sulmtal between Erlenbach and Neckarsulm, Heilbronn in the background

Tributaries

List of tributaries from the origin to the mouth. Water length and catchment area adopted or measured (with "approx.") According to the corresponding layers on the LUBW online map. Other sources for the information are noted.

Tributaries of the Sulm
Buchbach / Mühlgrabenbach ( left source stream , 2.4 km and approx. 1.0 km²) (Bach from the Sauklinge ) ( right source brook , 1.7 km and approx. 0.9 km²) Tiefenklingenbach ( right , Löwenstein, 0.7 km and approx. 0.5 km²) (Bach from the Offelsklinge ) ( right , Löwenstein-Seemühle, 2.0 km and approx. 1.3 km²) then flows through the Breitenauer See , 47 ha Schlierbach ( right , Obersulm-Affaltrach, 6.3 km and 6.2 km²) Michelbach ( right , Affaltrach, 7.3 km with a longer upper course Wilhelmsbach and 9.3 km²) (Stream through the Meisenbergwiesen ) ( right , 0.7 km and approx. 0.3 km²) Hambach ( left , Obersulm-Willsbach, 4.8 km and 9.9 km²) Seebächle ( right , Willsbach, 3.2 km and 3.4 km²) Mäusebach ( left , Willsbach, 1.5 km and approx. 1.1 km²) Sülzbach ( right , Obersulm-Sülzbach, 3.8 km and 4.7 km²) Ellbach ( left , Ellhofen, 5.5 km and 8.3 km²) Wetterischbach ( right , Ellhofen, 1.3 km and approx. 2.1 km²) Eberbach ( right , Erlenbach, 7.0 km and 18.6 km²) Stadtseebach ( left , Erlenbach, 7.6 km and 13.3 km²) Erlenbach ( right , Erlenbach, 3.8 km and 5.3 km²) Pfühlbach ( right , Neckarsulm-Reisachmühle, 1.4 km and approx. 1.9 km²) Hängelbach ( right , Neckarsulm, 2.4 km and 2.8 km²) Amorbach ( right , Neckarsulm, 3.0 km and 1.6 km²) Attichsbach ( right , Neckarsulm, 6.7 km and 4.6 km²)

history

Bach in the Sauklinge

Confluence of the Sulm in the Breitenauer See

The Sulm near Obersulm-Sülzbach

The rabbit mill on the Sulm in Weinsberg

Retention basin near Erlenbach

The sewing mill in Neckarsulm around 1900

The earliest traces of settlement found in the Sulmtal go back to the Neolithic . Numerous finds in Obersulm-Willsbach suggest permanent settlement. A settlement in Weinsberg has been proven for Roman times ; a Roman road between the Limes forts in Böckingen and Öhringen ran through the Sulmtal. Subsequently, the Alamanni and Franks settled in the Sulmtal.

The name Sulm was first mentioned in a document in 771 when Neckarsulm was mentioned as villa sulmana in a deed of donation from Lorsch Abbey. It probably goes back to an ablaut-formation (Schwundstufe) of the old Germanic verb swellan , which means to swell up .

For centuries the non-navigable river was primarily important as a source of power for mills; from Löwenstein to Neckarsulm there were over 20 mills on the Sulm and its tributaries. Since the millers often had the right to create ponds, in addition to the actual mill ponds, they sometimes also created ponds used for fish farming, some of which still exist today. Mill channels provided the necessary gradient to operate the mills. The Mühlkanal of the Affaltracher Mühle is still partially preserved, albeit largely drained; the over 1.8 km long mill canal of the Willsbacher mill with a gradient of 4.5 m was closed in 1963 and filled in in 1972. In one of the Neckarsulm mills on the Sulm, the Brunner sawmill and gypsum mill, the mechanical workshop for knitting machines was established in 1880 , which used Sulm's water power as operating power and from which the later company NSU Motorenwerke emerged.

Between 1980 and 2003, the Sulm carried 920 l / s of water at the Erlenbach gauge; During a flood on June 18, 1978 (before the flood protection measures in the upper Sulmtal), almost 60,000 l / s were reached. The regular floods were intensified by the increasing sealing of the soil and became a problem for the industry in Neckarsulm between Sulm and Neckar. After two floods in February and May 1970, which flooded the factory premises of Audi NSU , which is very important for Neckarsulm and the surrounding area , and led to a 14-day production downtime, the Baden-Württemberg state government decided to push ahead with flood protection in the Sulmtal.

Sulm water association

In order to secure jobs, the Sulm Water Association was founded in 1973 with its headquarters in Weinsberg, to which the district of Heilbronn, the city of Heilbronn and all cities and communities on the Sulm and its tributaries (including Bad Friedrichshall , Bretzfeld , Eberstadt , Lehrensteinsfeld and Oedheim ) belong . Plans that had been drawn up earlier to earn the Sulm in Neckarsulm were carried out from 1973 to 1975. In the east of Neckarsulm, on the boundary of Erlenbach, a retention basin was built by November 1974. In the Neckarsulm urban area, the Sulm was relocated to a length of 2.6 km and tied, so it has run underground since then until it crossed under the Neckar Canal. The Breitenauer See was created from 1975 to 1980 as the central flood retention basin in the Sulmtal . Further retention basins on the Sulm and its main tributaries were built in the following decades up to the beginning of the 21st century. Since then, flood damage has largely been avoided, for example in the case of heavy rain with up to 86.4 l / m² on July 5, 2006. - A total of 17 pools are planned; 15 of them had been completed by 2009. In 1973 the cost of realizing the flood protection was estimated at 10.2 million euros. According to the current status, the total costs are approx. 36 million euros.

All flood retention basins (HRB) have earth dams and the body of water they are supposed to protect from flooding is routed through the basin permanently ( main circuit ). With the exception of HRB Hölzern and HRB Lennach, which are both small and early-built pools, the drainage is controlled everywhere. The Breitenauer See with its large permanent impoundment is also used for leisure purposes. The HRB Neckarsulm is maintained by the city of Neckarsulm. The HRB Hängelbach and Amorbach in Neckarsulm and Bad Friedrichshall are also planned.

Flood retention basin of the Sulm water association
Surname	location			Dammed water and drainage	Storage space in m ³		EZG	Storage space		Dam height	Construction year
			place		Maximum	Duration		Max	Duration
Breitenauer See	⊙49.124297222222 9.3868666666667 225	at	Hamlet OS	Sulm	3,173,000	2,329,000	008.3 km ²	?	39.9 ha	25.15 m	1985
HRB Nonnenbach	⊙49.117261111111 9.3921027777778 227	at	Hamlet OS	Nonnenbach → Schlierbach → Sulm	0.008,000	0.002,000	004.2 km ²	?	00.6 ha	04.48 m	1985
HRB Michelbach I	⊙49.141555555556 9.4125111111111 223.6	in	Eschenau OS	Michelbach → Sulm	0.015,000	-	001.5 km ²	?	-	06.46 m	2004
HRB Wilhelmsbach	⊙49.129552777778 9.4020944444444 238	in front	Eschenau OS	Wilhelmsbach → Michelbach → Sulm	0.234,000	0.018,000	003.7 km ²	?	01.2 ha	11.9 0 m	1979
HRB Michelbach II	⊙49.140497222222 9.3943222222222 206	in front	Affaltrach OS	Michelbach → Sulm	0.256,000	-	008.0 km ²	?	-	11 , 00 m	2004
HRB Hambach	⊙49.124763888889 9.3669888888889 197	at	Neuhaus OS	Hambach → Sulm	0.171,000	-	003.6 km ²	?	-	10.2 0 m	2003
HRB Aubach	⊙49.124697222222 9.3621944444444 198	at	Neuhaus OS	Aubach → Hambach → Sulm	0.086,000	-	002.9 km ²	?	-	10.2 0 m	2001
HRB Seebächle	⊙49.140955555556 9.3634333333333 195	in front	Willsbach OS	Seebächle → Sulm	0.172,000	-	003.1 km ²	?	-	13.3 0 m	2006
HRB Sülzbach	⊙49.147444444444 9.3451138888889 187	in front	Sülzbach OS	Sülzbach → Sulm	0.235,000	-	004.6 km ²	?	-	11.6 0 m	2008
HRB Ellbach	⊙49.143491666667 9.3264805555556 182	in front	Ellhofen	Ellbach → Sulm	0.193,000	-	007.6 km ²	?	-	11.16 m	1997
HRB woods	⊙49.18405 9.3451861111111 211.4	in front	Wooden IT	Klingenbach → Eberbach → Sulm	0.015,000	0.008,000	001.9 km ²	?	00.5 ha	07 , 00 m	1978
HRB Lennach	⊙49.188969444444 9.3054166666667 220	in front	Lennach IT	Lennacher Bach → Schmalbach → Eberbach → Sulm	0.016,000	0.006,000	001.0 km ²	?	00.5 ha	06.2 0 m	1978
HRB Weissenhof	⊙49.164755555556 9.2787861111111 165	in front	Erlenbach	Sulm	0.571,000	-	082.4 km ²	?	-	06.8 0 m	1989
HRB Stadtseebach	⊙49.138008333333 9.2977166666667 199	in front	Weinberg	Saubach / Stadtseebach → Sulm	0.195,000	-	004.6 km ²	?	-	09.76 m	1999
HRB Erlenbach	⊙49.178725 9.2711861111111 171	in front	Erlenbach	Erlenbach → Sulm	0.231,000	-	004.4 km ²	?	-	11.15 m	1962
HRB Neckarsulm	⊙49.187069444444 9.2419694444444 154	in front	Neckarsulm	Sulm	0.910,000	-	107.7 km ²	?	-	10.28 m	1975
HRB Attichsbach	⊙49.211394444444 9.2254388888889 162	at	Rabbit mill BF	Attichsbach → Sulm	0.010,000	-	004.5 km ²	?	-	04.87 m	2000
Information on storage space, dam height and year of construction and the usual area of the permanently dammed basins according to the official waterway map. Retention basins with the entry "-" in the column for the permanent storage space are usually waterless. The catchment areas were measured on it, taking as far as possible the area values for the sub-catchment areas that were not to be cut up for this purpose. BF - City of Bad Friedrichshall ; ES - Eberstadt municipality ; OS community Obersulm ; all other places mentioned are themselves municipalities or cities.

environment

The bleach lake

Especially in the lower reaches of the Sulm is heavily straightened or twisted, which is not so much the case for the upper reaches. But even there, for example, in Willsbach in 1950 the Sulm was "regulated"; In 1963, the Michelbach tributary in Affaltrach was condemned for "odor nuisance ... from the heavily polluted water of the Michelbach from Eschenau". Morphologically , the Sulm is judged to be impaired or remote from nature in almost its entire course . In 2004, the biological water quality was classified as moderately polluted (quality class II), immediately at the origin as slightly polluted (quality class I-II).

The upper Sulmtal has been designated as a landscape protection area of Upper Sulmtal with edge heights (No. 1.25.029) since 1979 and is located in the Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park . The Bleichsee on the upper reaches of the Sulm, also a landscape protection area since 1978 (No. 1.25.030), is one of the most important amphibian spawning areas in the Heilbronn district. At the artificially created Breitenau lake, nature has been given more space, parts of the lake are closed to human use, shallow water areas have been filled up for use as fish spawning grounds. Over 100,000 trees, bushes and shrubs were planted, which serve as a habitat for the approximately 140 species of birds, some of which are rare, and which have already been observed there.

Individual evidence

LUBW

Official online waterway map with a suitable section and the layers used here: Course and catchment area of the Sulm
General introduction without default settings and layers: State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ( notes )

↑ Height according to the contour line image on the topographic map background layer .

↑ Height according to black lettering on the background layer topographic map .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Length according to the waterway network layer ( AWGN ) .

↑ Catchment area after the layer aggregated areas 05 .

↑ ^a ^b Lake area according to the layer standing waters .

↑ River type according to the relevant layer.

↑ ^a ^{b Catchment} area according to the basic catchment area layer (AWGN) .

↑ ^a ^b Catchment area measured on the background layer topographic map .

↑ Catchment area summed up from the sub-catchment areas according to the basic catchment area layer (AWGN) .

↑ Dams according to the relevant layer.

Other evidence

↑ ^a ^b Josef Schmithüsen : Geographical land survey: The natural space units on sheet 161 Karlsruhe. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1952. → Online map (PDF; 5.1 MB)

↑ ^a ^b Wolf-Dieter Sick : Geographical Land Survey: The natural space units on sheet 162 Rothenburg o. D. Deaf. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1962. → Online map (PDF; 4.7 MB)

↑ Source for the water flow below the Breitenauer See to Schlierbach confluence: TK 25, notification of the Sulm water association by email of July 30, 2007 and own observations.

^ Dieter Berger: Geographical names in Germany . 2nd Edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim (among others) 1999 (Duden-Taschenbücher, 25), ISBN 3-411-06252-5 . Pp. 209 and 257.

↑ Master data of the Erlenbach level ( memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at the flood forecast center of the State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg. @1@ 2

↑ Wasserverband Sulm at service-bw.de ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (with typographical errors). @1@ 2

↑ Major flood damage could be avoided ( memento of the original from September 7th, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Press release 27/2006 of the Obersulm community from July 13, 2006. @1@ 2

↑ 15. Flood retention basin (HRB) of the Sulm water association inaugurated ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Press release of the regional council of Stuttgart from July 16, 2009.@1@ 2

↑ Obersulm. Six villages - one municipality . Obersulm municipality, Obersulm 1997. pp. 396–397.

↑ Umweltbericht 2000 / Landkreis Heilbronn ( Memento of the original dated November 16, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . District Office Heilbronn, Heilbronn 2000. (PDF, status 1999). Map p. 82. @1@ 2

↑ Biological water quality map . Illustration of the water quality map 2004, flowing water with color coding.

↑ ^a ^b Directory of nature and landscape protection areas ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the State Institute for Environmental Protection, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg (accessed on July 28, 2007). @1@ 2

↑ Obersulm. Six villages - one municipality . Obersulm municipality, Obersulm 1997, p. 430.

literature

Description of the Oberamt Weinsberg . Verlag Karl Aue, Stuttgart 1861. New edition: Horst Bissinger KG, Magstadt 1980, ISBN 3-7644-0042-0 . Pp. 11-14.
Eberhard Haas: Obersulm and its mills . In: Obersulm. Six villages - one municipality . Obersulm municipality, Obersulm 1997. pp. 680–693.
Neckarsulm. The story of a city . Theiss, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-8062-0883-2 .
City map hiking map Löwenstein. 2nd Edition. City administration and citizens and local history association Löwenstein e. V., Löwenstein o. J.
Topographic map 1: 25,000 Baden-Württemberg, as single sheet No. 6721 Bad Friedrichshall (5th edition 2006), No. 6821 Heilbronn (3rd edition 2001), No. 6822 Obersulm (8th edition 2000) and No. 6922 Wüstenrot ( 8th edition 2001). Land surveying office Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart.

Web links

Commons : Sulm - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Map of the course and catchment area of the Sulm on: State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ( information )
Measuring table sheets in the Deutsche Fotothek :
6721 Kochendorf from 1902, 6821 Heilbronn from 1902, 6822 Willsbach from 1932 and 6922 Löwenstein from 1932

[TK-HLB-Höhe-3] Height according to the contour line image on the topographic map background layer .

[TK-Schwarz-Höhe-4] Height according to black lettering on the background layer topographic map .

[GeNe-Länge-5] Length according to the waterway network layer ( AWGN ) .

[Agg05-EZG-6] Catchment area after the layer aggregated areas 05 .

[SG-Seefläche-7] Lake area according to the layer standing waters .

[Fließgewässertypus-9] River type according to the relevant layer.

[BEZG-EZG-10] {b Catchment} area according to the basic catchment area layer (AWGN) .

[TK-abgemessen-EZG-11] Catchment area measured on the background layer topographic map .

[BEZG-Summe-EZG-12] Catchment area summed up from the sub-catchment areas according to the basic catchment area layer (AWGN) .

[Stauanlagen-18] Dams according to the relevant layer.

[BfL-161-1] Josef Schmithüsen : Geographical land survey: The natural space units on sheet 161 Karlsruhe. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1952. → Online map (PDF; 5.1 MB)

[BfL-162-2] Wolf-Dieter Sick : Geographical Land Survey: The natural space units on sheet 162 Rothenburg o. D. Deaf. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1962. → Online map (PDF; 4.7 MB)

[8] Source for the water flow below the Breitenauer See to Schlierbach confluence: TK 25, notification of the Sulm water association by email of July 30, 2007 and own observations.

[13] Dieter Berger: Geographical names in Germany . 2nd Edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim (among others) 1999 (Duden-Taschenbücher, 25), ISBN 3-411-06252-5 . Pp. 209 and 257.