Fritz Lenz

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Fritz Gottlieb Karl Lenz (born March 9, 1887 in Pflugrade ; Naugard district , Pomerania ; † July 6, 1976 in Göttingen ) was a German physician and hygienist, anthropologist , human geneticist and eugenicist . During the Weimar Republic and in the National Socialist German Reich , he was one of the leading racial hygienists .

Life

Fritz Lenz came from a family with a long agricultural tradition in Pomerania . At the age of seven he moved to live with relatives in Szczecin . At the local Schiller-Realgymnasium he passed the Abitur in 1905 .

Lenz began studying medicine at the University of Berlin , and after one semester he moved to the University of Freiburg . In addition to his field of study, he dealt with questions of anthropology and philosophy . In Freiburg Lenz became a pupil of Eugen Fischer . Together with his teacher, he entered in 1909 as cand. Med. and as secretary of the local chapter of the International Society for Racial Hygiene . There he met Alfred Ploetz and became his student. In 1912 he passed the medical state examination in Freiburg. In the same year he was at Ludwig Aschoff with the work over the morbid heredity of the man and the determination of sex in humans doctorate .

Through the Racial Hygiene Society, Lenz got to know Alfred Ploetz and Max von Gruber , director of the Hygienic Institute in Munich. Ploetz and Gruber convinced Lenz to move to Munich. Von Gruber offered him a guest assistant position at his institute in 1913, and von Ploetz took over the publication of the journal Archive for Race and Society Biology (ARGB) in 1913 (until 1933 ). During the First World War , Lenz worked as a hygienist in the Puchheim prison camp and lived in Eichenau . In 1919, Lenz received his habilitation in the subject of hygiene from Max von Gruber at the University of Munich with the thesis on experiences about heredity and degeneration in butterflies . He found the butterflies for this in the vicinity of Eichenau.

In a chemistry course in Munich he met his first wife, Emmy Weitz, the sister of the internist and racial hygienist Wilhelm Weitz . After the marriage in 1915, the family moved to Herrsching am Ammersee in 1919 . From this marriage three sons were born.

Hanfried (1916–2013) became professor of mathematics at the Free University in Berlin .
Widukind (1919–1995) was also a human geneticist; He was the first to publicly formulate the connection between the active ingredient thalidomide in the drug Contergan and the deformities after ingestion of the drug by pregnant women and became known through his commitment to clearing up the Contergan scandal .
Friedrich (1922–2014) became professor for applied physics at the University of Tübingen .

In 1928 his wife Emmy died of blood poisoning. In 1929 Fritz Lenz married his second wife Kara, née von Borries. There were two other children from this marriage:

Reimar (1931–2014) and Uta (* 1934).

In 1921 he published together with Eugen Fischer and Erwin Baur "the influential standard work incorporated into Mein Kampf by Hitler in the fortress imprisonment in Landsberg " (Brocke) Outline of human heredity and racial hygiene . With this book, Lenz, Baur and Fischer were in line with the trend of an already existing eugenic movement that found resonance in all political camps of the Weimar Republic from the left to the extreme right. The sign of the threat of extinction of the German people due to the loss of war and a decline in the birth rate, as well as the specter of threatening degeneration due to the increase in so-called germ poisons such as alcohol, tuberculosis and syphilis, as the consequences of increasing impoverishment due to war and economic crises, was generally recognized. In 1923 Fritz Lenz was appointed professor and institute director to the first chair for racial hygiene in Germany at the University of Munich . In 1931 he demanded that the "most inept third of the population" be sterilized .

After the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists , he was one of the signatories of an appeal in the Völkischer Beobachter on May 3, 1933: "Eleven Munich university lecturers stand behind Adolf Hitler". In the same year Lenz took over the chair of social hygiene founded by Alfred Grotjahn at the University of Berlin . In October 1933 he became director of the eugenics department at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology in Dahlem as the successor to Hermann Muckermann , who lost his post for political reasons, and at the same time professor for racial hygiene and head of the institute for racial hygiene at the University of Berlin. In 1942 a student of his brother-in-law Wilhelm Weitz, Otmar von Verschuer , became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute; From this time onwards, Lenz's department was largely independent in the institute association. Horst Geyer became Lenz's only assistant in 1935. In 1934 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina .

From May 1933, Lenz was a member of the "Advisory Board for Population and Race Policy at the Reich Minister of the Interior". In 1933, the Advisory Board was involved in the formulation of the " Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseases ", which provided for forced sterilization . From 1935 the sterilization of the so-called " Rhineland Bastards " was discussed and organized in the Advisory Board ; a measure that was illegal even under the legal situation at the time. On May 1, 1937, Lenz joined the NSDAP ( membership number 3,933,993); on February 20, 1940 to the National Socialist German Medical Association . In 1939 he became a member of the American Eugenics Society . In October 1940 Lenz was involved in the deliberations on a “ euthanasia law”. The law was an initiative of doctors who were simultaneously involved in the National Socialist murders of the sick, Action T4 . The previous authorization by Hitler was insufficient for these doctors. However, for reasons of foreign policy, Hitler refused to enact a corresponding law before the end of the war. Lenz was also the author of two memoranda, about which Himmler commented positively in the spring of 1941, but declared that they could not be implemented during the war.

According to information from his son Reimar, Fritz tried to have him exempt from the marches of the Pimpfe of the German Young People . When Reimar was supposed to enter a national political educational institution because of his good school performance , the parents obtained certificates with which this was prevented. Reimar was allowed to hang out in the nearby house of his friend Justus Alenfeld, a child from a “ privileged mixed marriage ”, and mother Kara also invited the friend. With Mrs. Alenfeld she also visited the Paulus Congregation in Berlin-Zehlendorf , where the anti-Nazi pastor Dilschneider preached.

In the last years of the war, Lenz increasingly withdrew, but in 1944 he became a scientific adviser to the General Commissioner for Sanitary and Health Care Karl Brandt . In the winter of 1944 Lenz took a leave of absence due to a depressive mood . To “relax” he left Berlin for Westphalia to see relatives of his wife; apparently he had no longer planned to return to Berlin. From there he made contact with the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster in the winter of 1944/45 and gave a lecture there in March 1945. Because his hopes for acceptance into the medical faculty in Münster and a chair did not seem to be fulfilled, he finally tried to get a professorship at the University of Göttingen . In his denazification notice of 1949 he was classified as “exonerated”.

With regard to his behavior under National Socialism, Lenz was credited with the fact that he “would not have made any open political statements”. When asked, he said that he was very sorry for the fate of the murdered Jews. Despite this, he considered the possibility of a higher selection of the human races to be scientifically proven even after 1945. In 1951 he wrote to Hans Nachtsheim : “I also have sympathy for the chimpanzees and gorillas , and I am very sorry that they are facing extinction like so many other animal species and so-called indigenous people . The fate that affected millions of Jews is also very painful for me; but none of this should determine us to look at biological questions in any other way than purely factual ”.

From 1946 Lenz was an associate professor, from 1952 a full professor for “human heredity” in Göttingen. The focus of his scientific interest was the methodology of hereditary paternity reports as well as the physiology and genetics of color perception . He retired in 1955 and subsequently retired in 1961 . Lenz lived withdrawn in Göttingen until his death . He died of heart failure at the age of 89 .

Act

Racial hygiene

Lenz defined "race" as the "epitome of genetic makeup" ; He called groups of people whose genes were similar to one another a race. He attached less importance to external differences such as hair or eye color than to invisible features, which he called “ spiritual racial differences”. Lenz assumed not only an inequality, but also an inequality of the races, which for him could neither be proven nor refuted. He divided the human races into four groups: At the lowest level there were Stone Age cultures such as the Wedda in Sri Lanka or the Aborigines in Australia. At a higher level of development he saw the “ negroes ” whom he considered to be less intelligent than “whites”. On a third level stood for him so-called Mongolid races, to which he also counted Mediterranean , Oriental and Near Eastern races. Lenz also assigned the majority of Jews to this group . In the highest place he saw the Nordic race, which for him was the sole creator of Western culture. For Lenz, the development of culture in ancient Greece was the result of the immigration of members of the Nordic race. Most of the Germans belonged to the Nordic race.

Lenz considered intelligence to be hereditary. He assumed that social differences were the result of different genes and could not be explained by social injustices. Accordingly, he saw representatives of the Nordic race appear more frequently in the upper class , while “primitive racial elements” were predominantly represented in the lower class . In his opinion there was a "type of criminal" who had features such as "protruding, massive jaws" and "receding forehead" and would be reminiscent of the Neanderthals . For Lenz there was the danger of a rapid degeneration of the Nordic race through the so-called "counter-selection": Due to the higher number of children from lower social classes, he saw the genetic material that he defined as "high quality" in danger. In general, he considered natural, merciless selection to be disturbed by modern environmental conditions, for example by advances in medicine.

Lenz defined health in terms of race, not just the individual. From this perspective, childlessness was a disease because it threatened the continued existence of the race. For him, people were healthy who were well adapted to the demands of their environment .

In the practical implementation of his racial hygiene ideas, Lenz focused on the “positive” racial hygiene measures that were intended to promote the reproduction of the “high quality”. In his opinion, selection works best when there is a high number of children and a rapid succession of generations. With regard to the implementation of “racial hygiene reforms”, Lenz spoke out in favor of using the word “racial hygiene” instead of “eugenics”. Marriage and family were of central importance to him ; For Lenz, men and women differed more than the different races. He saw the destiny of women in the role of wife and mother , accordingly he rejected women's emancipation and fought against women's suffrage , women's studies , women's sports and women's employment. Lenz did not want illegitimate children to be legally equated; For him, illegitimate births were a sign of the “inferiority” of mothers in particular. Lenz campaigned for an educational reform, he wanted to support the gifted and strived for a basic racial hygiene training not only for doctors. Families with children should benefit from tax breaks; he did not want any general subsidies for children, but only for those from the upper classes of society, which were desirable from a racial perspective. The peasantry, which Lenz saw as the "source of our people's and racial strength" and which was to be promoted by German settlements in the east, especially in the Baltic States , was to receive special support .

Lenz attached less importance to “negative” racial hygiene measures that were supposed to prevent the “inferior” from reproducing. Lenz advocated the sterilization of the “inferior”, whose proportion of the population estimated in various publications to be 10% or a third. He rejected forced sterilization because, in his opinion, public opinion was not yet ripe or clear enough. Lenz did not attach great importance to the killing of "life unworthy of life", as it was practiced in the National Socialist " euthanasia ", as this group of people did not reproduce. In addition, he considered respect for individual life to be an essential foundation of the social order. Lenz, however, advocated the "euthanasia" of seriously hereditary children with recessive inheritance carriers in order to give parents the opportunity to raise more healthy children.

National Socialism

With Lenz, racial hygiene took on a political dimension that was clearly National Socialist. As early as 1931, Lenz equated National Socialism with "applied biology". In 1932 Lenz stated: “The state idea of fascism has an essential affinity with the idea of ​​racial hygiene. While the liberal conception of the state, and basically also the social democratic one, was based on the individualistic worldview , fascism does not recognize any intrinsic value of the individual. "

Lenz's affinity for proto-National Socialist ideas developed very early and in connection with his activities for the "German Society for Racial Hygiene". He got involved in the secret organization "Ring der Norda", founded by Alfred Ploetz in 1907 within the society, which aimed to "improve the Nordic race".

Lenz examined with particular interest the areas of the inheritance of human diseases, so-called hereditary diseases , as well as questions of keeping the human genome healthy, the doctrine of hereditary health . He published the results in 1921 and 1932 together with Erwin Baur and Eugen Fischer in his two-volume main work: Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene . Volume I of the work was published in the fourth edition, in 1936, under the title Menschliche Herblehre . It became the standard work on racial hygiene and human heredity and was called BFL or Baur-Fischer-Lenz for short . In 1936, for example, Lenz put it in reference to the Jews in Baur-Fischer-Lenz Volume I : “A living being thrives better without parasites.” Baur-Fischer-Lenz remained examination literature until the 1970s.

With this work and the work Die Rasse als Wertprinzip, published in 1933 (reprint of the publication Zur Erneuerung der Ethik from the pan Germanic magazine Deutschlands Erneuerung from 1917), Lenz and his colleagues like Eugen Fischer and Ernst Rüdin offered the National Socialists a scientifically - Darwinist - based justification for the so-called extermination of "life unworthy of life". In the introduction to The Race as a Value Principle, Lenz wrote that it contained “all the basic features of the National Socialist worldview” and “should contribute to the preparation of the National Socialist worldview”.

The reception of the standard work Baur-Fischer-Lenz by Hitler in Mein Kampf commented Lenz in 1931 with the words: "In any case, he [Hitler] made the essential ideas of racial hygiene and its importance with great spiritual receptivity and power to own, while most academic authorities are still quite uncomprehending about these questions. "

For the human geneticist Lenz, the connection between race and soul was what really mattered in the “race question” . In this context he justified the Nuremberg Laws of 1935: “More important than the external characteristics is the origin of a person for his assessment. A blond Jew is also a Jew. Yes, there are Jews who have most of the outward characteristics of the Nordic race and who are yet of a Jewish nature. The legislation of the National Socialist state rightly defines a Jew not according to external racial characteristics, but according to ancestry ”. In the Baur-Fischer-Lenz he also wrote that the hereditary disposition of the Jews was “less directed towards the control and exploitation of nature than towards the domination and exploitation of people” because they understood how to “put themselves in the minds of other people and follow them to direct their will ”.

See also

Publications (selection)

  • About the pathological genetic makeup of men and the determination of gender in humans: Investigations into the somatic and idioplasmic correlation between gender and pathological predisposition with special consideration of haemophilia. Jena 1912
  • On the concept of racial hygiene and its naming. In: Archive for Race and Society Biology (ARGB) Vol. 11, pp. 445–448, 1914–1915.
  • German Society for Population Policy. In: ARGB Vol. 11, pp. 555-557, 1914-1915
  • Race sanitary population policy. In: Deutsche Politik  1, pp. 1658–1668, 1916
  • Population Policy and “Maternity Protection”. In: ARGB Vol. 12, pp. 345-348, 1916-1918
  • Proposals for population policy with special consideration of the economic situation after the war. In: ARGB Vol. 12, pp. 440-468, 1916-1918
  • To renew ethics. Germany's Renewal 1, pp. 35–56, 1917–1933, reissued under The race as a value principle. To renew ethics.
  • Racial Hygiene Overview. Annual courses for advanced medical training 8, pp. 16–50, 1917
  • Introduction to breed hygiene by W. Schallmayer . In: Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift Vol. 64, S. 554., 1917
  • Wilhelm Schallmayer. In: Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 66, pp. 1294-1296, 1919
  • Human selection and racial hygiene , JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1921 Archives
  • with Erwin Baur and Eugen Fischer : Outline of human heredity and racial hygiene. Lehmann, Munich 1921; 2nd edition, ibid. 1936
  • Discussion by Hans FK Günther: Racial studies of the German people. In: ARGB Vol. 16, pp. 99–111, 1924
  • Alfred Ploetz on his 70th birthday. ARGB Vol. 24, viii-xv, 1930
  • The position of National Socialism on racial hygiene. In: ARGB Vol. 25, pp. 300-308, 1931
  • Human selection and racial hygiene (eugenics). 4th edition. Munich 1932 (= human heredity theory and racial hygiene. Vol. 2).
  • Race as a principle of value. To renew ethics . Munich 1933
  • About the conservation value of sexuality. In: Journal for inductive descent and inheritance, Vol. 70, 1935, pp. 448–452.
  • About ways and wrong ways of race studies. In: Journal of Morphology and Anthropology, Hereditary and Racial Biology. Volume 39, 1941, pp. 385-413.

literature

  • Peter Emil Becker : On the history of racial hygiene . In: Ways into the Third Reich . tape 1 . Thieme , Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-13-716901-1 , p. 137–217 (chapter Fritz Lenz ).
  • Peter Emil Becker: Social Darwinism, Racism, Anti-Semitism and Völkischer Thought . In: Ways into the Third Reich . tape 2 . Thieme, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-13-716901-1 .
  • Stefan Breuer : Orders of Inequality. The German right in the conflict of their ideas. 1871-1945 . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft , Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-534-15575-0 (chapter blood p. 47-76, in particular the section racial hygienist p. 61ff).
  • Klaus-Peter Drechsel: Judged - measured - murdered. The practice of euthanasia until the end of German fascism . In: DISS texts . No. 27 . Duisburg Institute for Language and Social Research , Duisburg 1993, ISBN 3-927388-37-8 , p. 111 and 128 ff .
  • Detlev Franz: The political context of the investigation into Silesia . In: Arbeitskreis Universitätsgeschichte 1945–1965 (Ed.): Elements of a different university history . Mainz University Press, Mainz 1991 (special print).
  • Georg Lilienthal:  Lenz, Fritz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-428-00195-8 , pp. 223-225 ( digitized version ).
  • Jürgen Peter: The breach of racial hygiene in medicine. Impact of racial hygiene on thought collectives and medical specialties from 1918 to 1934 . Mabuse, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-935964-33-1 .
  • Peter Weingart, Jürgen Kroll, Kurt Bayertz: Race, Blood and Genes. History of eugenics and racial hygiene in Germany . 4th edition. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-518-28622-6 .
  • Renate Rissom: Fritz Lenz and racial hygiene . In: Treatises on the history of medicine and the natural sciences . Issue 47. Matthiesen, Husum 1983, ISBN 3-7868-4047-4 .
  • Bernhard vom Brocke: Population science - quo vadis? Possibilities and problems of a history of population science in Germany . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 1998, ISBN 3-8100-2070-2 .
  • Hans-Peter Kröner: From Racial Hygiene to Human Genetics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics after the War . Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-437-21228-1 .
  • Hans-Peter Kröner: Lenz, Fritz. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 839.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Full name in: Alfons Labisch / Florian Tennstedt: The way to the "Law on the Unification of the Health System" of July 3, 1934. Development lines and moments of the state and municipal health system in Germany , Part 2, Academy for Public Health in Düsseldorf 1985 , P. 453
  2. ↑ a b c d e Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 . 2nd updated edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 , pp. 366-367 .
  3. ↑ vom Brocke : Population Science , p. 429.
  4. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Seizure of power and sterilization law , in: Christoph Gradmann and Oliver von Mengersen: The end of the Weimar Republic and the National Socialist seizure of power. Lectures by Heidelberg historians at the Reichspräsident-Friedrich-Ebert-Gedenkstätte , Manutius Verlag Heidelberg 1994, pp. 158–159.
  5. ↑ Hans-Peter Kröner: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics and Human Genetics in the Federal Republic of Germany , pp. 652–666 in Doris Kaufmann (ed.): History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism. Inventory and Perspectives of Research , Vol. 2. Wallstein, Göttingen 2000. ISBN 978-3-89244-423-7 ; Bernd Gausemeier: Natural orders and political alliances. Biological and biochemical research at Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes 1933–1945 . Wallstein, Göttingen 2005. ISBN 978-3-89244-954-6
  6. ^ Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich , Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 182
  7. ^ Weingart, Kroll, Bayertz: Rasse , pp. 407, 460.
  8. ↑ Weingart, Kroll, Bayertz: Rasse , p. 463f.
  9. ↑ Klaus Dörner (Ed.): The Nuremberg Medical Process 1946/47. Verbal transcripts, prosecution and defense material, sources on the environment. Band. Saur, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-598-32020-5 , p. 117.
  10. ↑ Karl Heinz Roth, Götz Aly : The "Law on Euthanasia in the Terminally Ill" Protocols of the discussion on the legalization of National Socialist institutional murders in the years 1938–1941. in: Karl Heinz Roth (Hrsg.): Registration for destruction. From social hygiene to the "assisted suicide law". Verlagsgesellschaft Gesundheit, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-922866-16-6
  11. ^ Ernst Klee: "Euthanasia" in the Nazi state. (Page 242) Fischer, 12th edition, May 2009. ISBN 978-3-596-24326-6
  12. ↑ Kröner: Rassenhygiene , p. 36. Title of the memoranda: Comments on resettlement from the point of view of race care. and ways of further advance of population policy.
  13. ↑ Claudia Lenssen: The loving son. Reimar Lenz: a free spirit. His father: a Nazi. Re-encounter with a protagonist of the documentary "Berlin Ecke Bundesplatz". In: Der Tagesspiegel. March 31, 2013, accessed April 1, 2013 .
  14. ↑ Kröner: Rassenhygiene , p. 63.
  15. ↑ Fritz Lenz: Answer to Hertz (Fr. Hertz, Rasse und Kultur, Ein Rückiderung und Klarstellung.) In: Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaft-Biologie 12 (1916–1918) pp. 472–475, here p. 474. Quoted after Rissom, Lenz , p. 32.
  16. ↑ Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz: Outline of human heredity and race hygiene. here Volume I: Human Heredity. 2nd edition, Munich 1923, pp. 407f. Quoted from Rissom, Lenz , p. 35.
  17. ↑ Rissom, Lenz , p. 37ff, referring to: Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz: Grundriß der Menschen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene. here Volume I: Human Heredity. 2nd edition, Munich 1923, pp. 411-417.
  18. ↑ Rissom, Lenz , p. 40ff, referring to: Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz: Grundriß der Menschen Erblichkeitslehre und Rassenhygiene. here Volume I: Human Heredity. 2nd edition, Munich 1923, p. 158.
  19. ^ Fritz Lenz: Human selection and racial hygiene (eugenics). 4th edition. Munich 1932 (= Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene. Volume 2), p. 254 ("As things are, the word racial hygiene is currently more advertising in folk circles, the word eugenics, on the other hand, in Jewish, social democratic and Catholic circles").
  20. ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-88479-932-0 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Supplement 3.) - At the same time: Dissertation Würzburg 1995), p. 156.
  21. ↑ Rissom, Lenz , p. 57, referring to Fritz Lenz: About the idioplasmic causes of the physiological and pathological sexual characters of people. In: Archives for Racial and Social Biology . Volume 9, 1912, pp. 545-603.
  22. ^ Robert N. Proctor: Adolf Butenandt (1903-1995) , research program "History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in National Socialism." Berlin 2000, p. 12 ( PDF ).
  23. ↑ Fritz Lenz: Human selection and racial hygiene (eugenics) , in Volume II Human heredity and racial hygiene . Munich 1932, p. 415.
  24. ↑ a b Benoit Massin: Anthropology and human genetics in National Socialism . In: Heidrun Kaupen-Haas, Christian Saller (ed.): Scientific racism: Analyzes of continuity in the human and natural sciences . Campus, 1999, p. 14.
  25. ^ Fritz Lenz: The position of National Socialism on racial hygiene . In: ARGB vol. 25, 1931, p. 301.
  26. ^ Fritz Lenz: About ways and wrong ways of racial investigations . In: Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie Vol. 39, 3/1941, p. 397.
  27. ↑ Götz Aly: Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt 2012, p. 205
personal data
SURNAME Lenz, Fritz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lenz, Fritz Gottlieb Karl (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German anthropologist and racial hygienist
DATE OF BIRTH March 9, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH Pflugrade , Pomerania
DATE OF DEATH July 6, 1976
Place of death Goettingen