Amarete
| Amarete | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 View over Amarete |
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| Basic data | |||
| Residents (state) | 3304 pop. (2012 census) | ||
| rank | Rank 135 | ||
| height | 3800 m | ||
| Post Code | 02-1601-0200-1001 | ||
| Telephone code | (+591) | ||
| Coordinates | 15 ° 14 ′ S , 68 ° 59 ′ W | ||
|
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| politics | |||
| Department | La Paz | ||
| province | Bautista Saavedra Province | ||
| climate | |||
 Climate diagram Charazani |
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Amarete is a country town in the La Paz department in the South American Andean state of Bolivia . The fact that the population knows ten social genders is unique worldwide .
Location in the vicinity
Amarete is a village in the district ( Bolivian : Municipio ) Charazani in the province of Bautista Saavedra . The village lies on a mountain spur at an altitude of 3800 m and is six kilometers as the crow flies from the provincial capital Charazani . It is the largest and most traditional purely Indian settlement in the region.
geography
Amarete is located in the east of the Bolivian Altiplano on the edge of the Cordillera Central . The climate of the region is a typical time of day climate , in which the mean temperature fluctuations during the day are more pronounced than in the course of the seasons.
The annual average temperature of Amarete is 11 ° C (see climate diagram Charazani, adjusted for the difference in altitude) and fluctuates only slightly between 8 ° C in June / July and just under 13 ° C in November / December. The annual precipitation is around 750 mm, a four-month dry season from May to August with monthly values of less than 25 mm contrasts with a rainy summer from December to March, in which the monthly precipitation values are sometimes well above 100 mm.
Transport network
Amarete is located at a distance of 250 kilometers by road northwest of La Paz , the capital of the department of the same name.
From La Paz, the asphalted highway Ruta 2 leads 70 kilometers northwest to Huarina , from there the Ruta 16 branches off , which continues as a paved road 97 kilometers south-west along Lake Titicaca to Escoma . From there, Ruta 16 continues north as an unpaved road and reaches Amarete after 83 kilometers.
population
The population of the village has more than doubled in the past two decades:
| year | Residents | source |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 3,304 | census |
| 2001 | 1,741 | census |
| 1992 | 1,402 | census |
The population belongs to the Kallawaya and speaks Quechua . Due to their costume with a strong red as the predominant color, they can be clearly distinguished from the residents of other regional village communities. The reason for this lies in the different historical development.
Culture
| Biological gender | ||
| ♂ | ♀ | |
|
Symbolic gender |
♂ | ♀ |
| ♂♂ | ♂♂ | |
| ♀♀ | ♀♀ | |
| ♂♀ | ♂♀ | |
| ♀♂ | ♀♂ | |
| Ina Rösing 2005, p. 74 | ||
In Amarete everything has a gender, be it people, fields, mountains, objects, offices or rituals. In addition to the two biological genders , the social gender of people depends on the gender of their field ( wachu gender) and the office they may hold. The combination of the two biological sexes with 5 symbolic sexes (simple-male, female-female, male-female and female-male, male-male) results in 10 different gender roles (see also list of third sexes ). In addition to gender diversity, there is a clear hierarchy to the effect that “ male ” is on the (better) right side and “ female ” is on the (worse) left side. Female men have the same status as (female) women.
“These gender roles take up a large space in religion, ritual and everyday life. They determine the seating, walking and action order, the so-called corner and hospitality order and above all the complex order of sacrifice in the ritual. By assuming an office, the gender of a person can change, because offices also have a symbolic gender - just like space, time and matter. "
The gender of the field results from a sexual symbolization of time and space. For example, older fields are male and younger fields are female. For the most part, he has dual sex. Offices in the village community also have a gender and when taking on one, the wachu gender ("field gender") must be discarded for the duration of the office. Since the village offices change annually, the officials and subsequently their spouses often change their sexes. Depending on the constellation of the existing gender, a change may also be necessary at the time of marriage. Same are considered cheap. In the rituals, concepts of the Andean religion are intertwined with Christian set pieces and symbolic gender in a variety of ways.
Another cultural peculiarity is that the Kallawaya see the future behind them because it cannot be seen yet and the past lies ahead of them.
As a result of the declaration of the Kallawaya culture as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, there are voices and initiatives in the village to revoke this status from the “capital” of the province, Charazani , where mostly mestizos live.
The German cultural anthropologist and trained social psychologist and psychotherapist Ina Rösing from Ulm spent five years of research in the region in two decades and later returned to her hut there for a few months every year. In addition, she kept in contact with residents of the region, including an Amarete, via cassette mail.
literature
- Ina Rösing : Religion, ritual and everyday life in the Andes: The symbolic double sex in Amarete / Bolivia. Reimer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-496-02706-5 .
- Ina Rösing: Cultural anthropology: The ten sexes of Amarete. In: Spectrum of Science . July 2005 (subsequent correction in September 2005, p. 8: Errata: PDF, 87 kB, 3 pages ).
Web links
- Relief map of the Sorata region 1: 250,000 (PDF; 12.81 MB)
- Municipio Charaña - General Maps No. 21601
- Municipio Charazani - detailed map and population data (Spanish; PDF; 883 kB).
- Departamento La Paz - social data of the municipalities ( Memento from January 31, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (Spanish; PDF; 11.63 MB).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ina Rösing : A culture is skiddling: Dangerous side effects of a "World Heritage Site" nomination by UNESCO. In: Uniulm intern. No. 277, December 2005, pp. 22-25 ( PDF: 1.3 MB at uni-ulm.de ).
- ^ INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística Bolivia 2012 ( Memento of July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística Bolivia 2001 ( Memento of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística Bolivia 1992 ( Memento from April 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Elke Mader: Cultural and social anthropology of Latin America: An introduction. 2004 ( PDF: 930 kB, 43 pages on latein Amerika-studien.at ( Memento from March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ))
- ^ Ina Rösing : Religion, ritual and everyday life in the Andes: The symbolic double sex in Amarete / Bolivia. Reimer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-496-02706-5 , pp. ??.
- ↑ Subsequent correction to the article by Ina Rösing : Cultural anthropology: The ten sexes of Amarete. July 2005 - Errata In: Spectrum of Science . September 2005, p. 8 ( PDF, 87 kB, 3 pages on Spektrum.de); Quote: "[...] in relation to fields:" Older is female, younger is male ... "Here we made a twist: It is exactly the opposite. The editorial office".