Cashmere (Division)
| Kashmir कश्मीर घाटी |
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|---|---|
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| State : | Jammu and Kashmir |
| Coordinates | 34 ° 2 ′ N , 74 ° 40 ′ E |
| Administrative headquarters : | Srinagar |
| Area : | 15,948 km² |
| Residents : | 6,907,623 |
| Population density : | 433 inhabitants / km² |
| Districts : | 10 |
Cashmere ( Urdu وادی کشمیر; Hindi कश्मीर घाटी ) or Kashmir Valley is a valley and a division between the Karakoram and the Pir Panjal in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . No part of the valley is currently administered by Pakistan , it is entirely under Indian administration. The valley is about 135 km long and 32 km wide and was formed by the Jhelam . Kashmir is one of the two divisions of Jammu and Kashmir , along with Jammu . The division is divided into the districts of Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar .
According to the Vedas , the Kashmir Valley was once a large lake called Satisaras Sati or Parvati after Shiva's companion . The lake was drained by the leader of the Naga , Ananta, (the district of Anantnag is named after him) and became Kash-mira after his father the Rishi - Kashyapa . The Mughal ruler Jahangir called it paradise on earth.
geography
The Kashmir Valley borders on the Jammu Division in the south and the Union Territory of Ladakh in the east and the Line of Control in the north and west.
climate
The Kashmir Valley has a temperate climate. The climate can be characterized as cool in spring and autumn, mild in summer and cold in winter. The size of the valley means that the weather in the mountainous areas is often different from that in the lower, flat parts.
The summer is generally moderately warm with little rain, but high relative humidity and cool nights. There is rainfall all year round and no month is particularly dry. The warmest month is July with an average low of 6 ° C and an average high of 32 ° C. The coldest months are December and January with an average low temperature of −15 ° C and an average high temperature of 0 ° C.
Compared to other parts of India, the Kashmir Valley has a temperate climate, but weather conditions are unpredictable.
The Kashmir Valley has seen an increase in average humidity in recent years and the average rainfall has also increased. This is attributed to major reforestation efforts.
history
According to folk etymology , the name Kashmir means drained land . It comes from Sanskrit : Ka = water and shimeera = dry. In the Rajatarangini , History of Kashmir from Kalhana written in the middle of the 12th century, it is said that Kashmir was formerly a lake. According to Hindu mythology, the lake was drained by Rishi Kashyapa , son of Marichi , son of Brahma by opening a cut at Baramulla ( Varahamula ). After Kashmir was drained, Kashyapa induced brahmins to settle there. The main place in the valley was called Kashyapa-pura , which appears as Kaspapyros in Hekatios of Miletus (after Stephanos of Byzantium ) and as Kaspatyros in Herodotus (3.102, 4.44). Kashmir should be the country that Ptolemy as Kaspeiria referred.
In the first 500 years after Christ, the Kashmir region was an important center of Hinduism and later Buddhism. In the 9th century Kashmiri Shaivism emerged . In 1349 Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next 500 years, Muslim rulers ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals from 1526 to 1751 and the Afghan Durrani Empire from 1747 to 1820. Then the Sikh annexed it under Ranjit Singh . In 1846 after the defeat of the Sikh in the First Sikh War and the acquisition of the region by the British in the Treaty of Amritsar , the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh , became the new ruler of Kashmir. This rule and that of his descendants lasted until 1947 when the princely state of British India became a disputed territory now administered by India, Pakistan and the People's Republic of China .
The Kashmir Valley is 15,948 km², which corresponds to 15.73% of the area controlled by India in the former state of Jammu and Kashmir .
population
The majority (over 90%) of the inhabitants of the Kashmir Valley are Muslims . They belong to the Kashmiri ethnic group and they speak Kashmiri . There are a small number of Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and Sikhs.
The division's ten districts had 6,907,623 residents as of the 2011 census . The religious affiliation was therefore 97.16% Muslim and 2.84% Hindus, Sikh, Buddhists and others.
The most widely spoken languages are Kashmiri and Urdu . Urdu is the official language. Many people speak English as a second language.
Districts
The Kashmir division is divided into ten districts.
| Name of the district | Administrative headquarters | Area (km²) | 2001 population census | Population 2011 Census |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anantnag | Anantnag | 3984 | 734,549 | 1,069.749 |
| Kulgam | Kulgam | 410 | 394.026 | 424.483 |
| Pulwama | Pulwama | 1398 | 441.275 | 570.060 |
| Shopian | Shopian | 312 | 211,332 | 266.215 |
| Badgam | Badgam | 1371 | 629.309 | 755.331 |
| Srinagar | Srinagar | 2228 | 990,548 | 1,250,173 |
| Ganderbal | Ganderbal | 259 | 211,899 | 297,446 |
| Bandipore | Bandipore | 345 | 304,886 | 392.232 |
| Baramulla | Baramulla | 3353 | 853.344 | 1,015,503 |
| Kupwara | Kupwara | 2379 | 650.393 | 875.354 |
Cities
Srinagar is the main city and the summer capital of the state. Other important places are Anantnag, Baramulla, Sopore , Handwara and Shopian.
politics
The division's main political parties are the National Conference , the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party, and the Indian National Congress . Srinagar is the state's summer capital, and the capital is moved to Jammu in a process called a durbar move in winter and then back in spring. Parties campaigning for Kashmiri independence from India, such as the All Parties Hurriyat Conference and the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front , enjoy broad support and the leaders of the independence movement are very popular.
tourism
The Kashmir Valley is a popular tourist destination for Indian and foreign tourists. Popular places include Gulmarg , Dal Lake , Pahalgam and the Hindu shrine of Amarnath Temple.
Before the violent unrest increased in 1989, tourism was already an important part of the economy. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit the Amarnath pilgrimage site each year, which benefits the economy. The pilgrimage has also brought Kashmir to the brink of ecological catastrophe.
Tourism has increased dramatically in recent years and in 2009 Jammu and Kashmir was one of the main tourist destinations in India. Gulmarg is a popular ski resort in India and has the highest grass golf course in the world. The decline in violence has revived the tourism industry.
Hill Station
Mughal Gardens
- Nishat garden
- Shalimar garden
- Chashme garden
- Achabal
Lakes
- Dal Lake
- Gadsar lake
- Gangabal lake
- Krishansar Lake
- Manasbal Lake
- Nundkol lake
- Satsar lake
- Sheshnag Lake
- Tarsar lake
- Vishansar lake
- Wular Lake
Rockclimbing
The surrounding Himalayas offer numerous mountains to climb. Belong to the mountains
- Haramukh (5142 m)
- Kolhoi (5425 m)
- Machoi (5458 m)
- Sirbal (5236 m)
- Amarnath summit (5186 m)
- Sunset summit (4746 m)
- Tatakooti (4725 m)
- Mahadev (4267 m)
Culture and food
The traditional Wazwan is part of the Kashmiri cuisine , in which meat, mostly sheep, is prepared in different ways.
Most Muslims do not drink alcoholic beverages. There are two ways of making tea. One is Noon Chai (Salted Tea), which is pink in color popular with the locals. The other way to make tea is kahwah , a tea made with saffron and other spices like cinnamon and cardamom .
economy
Tourism is one of the main sources of income for large parts of the population. The region's economy is based on agriculture and tourism. The traditional staple food is rice. Corn, wheat, barley and oats are also grown. Given the climate, the region is also suitable for growing vegetables such as asparagus, beans, cauliflower and cabbage. Saffron , also grows in Kashmir. Fruit trees are numerous and in orchards, apples, pears, peaches and cherries are grown. Most of the trees are Himalayan cedar , spruce and pine , plane tree , maple , birch and walnut .
Historically, cashmere is known for the cashmere wool , but exports have declined as the cashmere goat is no longer as numerous and competition from China has increased. The locals are skilled in knitting and making pashmina shawls , silk carpets and kurtas . There are attempts to export fruit and vegetables as organic food mainly to the Middle East . Srinagar is known for its silverwork, paper mache , and carving.
By the earthquake in Kashmir in 2005 were killed, in which 1,500 people, the economy has been severely damaged.
The stones of the valley may have large reserves of hydrocarbons .
traffic
The Kashmir Valley is connected to Jammu and Ladakh by roads. It is connected to Jammu by the Banihal Tunnel at Qazigund on National Highway 1A .
air traffic
- Srinagar has the main airport in the valley. There are regular flights to Jammu, Leh , Mumbai and New Delhi .
railroad
- A 119 km long modern railway line has been in operation since October 2009. It connects Baramulla in the west with Srinagar and Qazigund . Since June 26, 2013, the railway line has also connected the valley with Banihal via the 11.215 km long Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel . In a few years' time, Banihal will connect to the rest of India via Jammu.
literature
- Francis Edward Younghusband: Kashmir . Adam and Charles Black, London 1909 ( online ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Kashmir conflict - will it ever be resolved? In: The Express Tribune. dated November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Kashmir. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Encyclopædia Britannica .
- ↑ In Depth-the future of Kashmir.
- ↑ MK Kaw: Kashmir and it's people. Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society . APH Pub. Corp., New Delhi 2004, ISBN 81-7648-537-3 , pp. 6 .
- ^ Sharad Singh Negi: Geo-botany of India. Periodical Expert Book Agency, 1986. p. 58.
- ↑ Kashmir Weather and Climate . de.kashmirtreks.com.
- ↑ Kashmir ( Memento of December 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In: Encyclopædia Britannica (1911).
- ^ EJ Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Volume 4: Kashmir.
- ↑ AL Basham: The wonder that was India. Picador, 2005.
- ↑ a b c Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume 15. 1908.
- ↑ a b Calculated from the HOW HAS KASHMIR'S RELIGIOUS MAP CHANGED SINCE 1947?
- ↑ 2001 Census India: Data by Religious Communities
- ^ Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jammu & Kashmir
- ↑ 2011 Census
- ^ "Kashmiri: A language of India" .
- ^ "Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy" ( Memento from September 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ "Amarnath Yatra An environmental disaster in the making" .
- ↑ "Foreign tourists flock Kashmir" ( Memento of 9 November 2012 at the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Fairway to Heaven - WSJ.com
- ↑ Tourists arrival gives boost to JK economy
- ^ Iftikhar Gilani Italian company to pursue oil exploration in Kashmirin. ( Memento of June 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: Daily Times. from October 22, 2008.
