Uprising in Kashmir
| date | since 1989 |
|---|---|
| place | Jammu and Kashmir |
| output |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
|
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front |
|
| Commander | |
|
Deepak Kapoor, Lt Gen PC Bhardwaj, Pradeep Vasant Naik |
|
| Troop strength | |
| 30,000-600,000 | 800-3200 |
| losses | |
|
7000 (civilians) |
20,000 (civilians) |
The uprising in Kashmir is an armed conflict that broke out in Jammu and Kashmir in 1989 between various separatist groups and the Indian government . Some of the separatist organizations are calling for Kashmir to join Pakistan , while others are seeking full independence. Many of the insurgents identify with the jihad and are supported by Islamists .
The roots of the conflict between the insurgents and the Indian government are linked to a dispute over local autonomy. The democratic development of Kashmir was limited until the late 1970s. In 1988 many of the Indian government's democratic reforms were overturned. Nonviolent ways of expressing dissatisfaction have been limited, leading to a dramatic increase in support for insurgents demanding the forcible secession of Kashmir from India. A controversial state election in 1987 prompted some members of the state's legislative assembly to form armed rebel groups. In July 1988, the Kashmir uprising began with a series of demonstrations and attacks on the Indian government. The conflict grew into the main internal security problem in India in the 1990s.
Thousands of people died in fighting between insurgents and the government, and thousands of civilians were killed in attacks by various armed groups.
The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence was accused by India of supporting and training active Mujahedons in Jammu and Kashmir . In 2015, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf announced that Pakistan had indeed supported and trained insurgents in the 1990s.
According to official figures, the conflict claimed the lives of more than 47,000 people. In addition, 3,400 people disappeared. Since the beginning of a slowly developing peace process between India and Pakistan, the number of insurgency-related deaths in Kashmir has fallen sharply.
background
India and Pakistan have waged two wars over Kashmir since independence , which has been controversial between the two states since the partition of British India in 1947.
According to the Indian government, Pakistan supports the uprising, which has been boycotted by militant groups since the beginning of the uprising.
According to the authorities, thousands of people have gone missing as part of the conflict. According to the previous UK government, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is linked to terrorist organizations operating in Jammu and Kashmir. The US-American politician Frank Pallone on the conflict: Over the past fifteen years militant forces, including elements of al Qaeda and the Taliban , have used violence against the Kashmiri Pandits in an effort to institute Islamic rule in this region. Over 400,000 Hindu Kashmiris were killed or displaced. The ISI is active in the region. The strength of Indian troops in the region was around half a million in 2008.
The region has a special status, for example national laws are not automatically valid. In addition, the population receives from the Indian government a multiple of the per capita funding of the poor state of Bihar . The Jammu district is predominantly Hindu.
losses
According to Sumantra Bose's book Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace , between 1989 and 2002 40,000–80,000 civilians, insurgents and security forces died. More than 4,600 security guards, 13,500 security guards and 15,937 militants lost their lives during this period. In addition, 55,538 acts of violence were recorded. Indian armed forces seized around 40,000 firearms, 150,000 explosive devices and over 6 million rounds of ammunition during various operations.
Parties to the conflict
Separatism from England
The separatist organization Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front was founded in 1977 under the leadership of Amanullah Khan in Birmingham , Great Britain .
Islamism
Hizbul Mujahideen is an Islamic terrorist organization founded in 1989 . It is one of the largest terrorist organizations in Jammu and Kashmir. Hizbul Mujahideen is associated with Jamaat-e-Islami . It is directed by Syed Salahuddin .
Support from Saudi Arabia
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen is a terrorist organization. She is committed to a Pakistani Kashmir. It also attacked civilian targets. The organization has received funding from Saudi Arabia .
terrorism
Al-Badr is an Islamic terrorist organization founded in 1998 . She is aiming for a Pakistani Kashmir. The headquarters are in Mansehra , Pakistan. Al-Badr has carried out a series of attacks on Indian military targets in Kashmir. Al-Badr carries out suicide bombings .
Other armed conflicts in India
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ 800 Militants Active in Kashmir: Army
- ↑ Kashmir insurgency (English) . In: BBC , BBC.
- ↑ Altaf Hussain: Kashmir's flawed elections (English) . In: BBC , BBC, September 14, 2002.
- ↑ Indian officials say 3,400 missing in held Kashmir (Aug 18, 2009; AFP)
- ^ Links between ISI, militant groups: Straw
- ↑ a b PALLONE INTRODUCEs resolution CONDEMNING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST KASHMIRI PANDITS ( Memento of the original from August 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the United States House of Representatives website
- ↑ Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
- ↑ Jyoti Thottham: Valley of Tears website of the weekly Time, September 4, 2008
- ↑ a b Vir Sanghvi: Think the Unthinkable on the website of the daily Hindustan Times ( memento of the original of February 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , August 16, 2008
- ↑ THE FUTURE OF KASHMIR website of the British broadcaster BBC
- ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: Pakistan: Activites of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF); whether the JKLF practices forced recruitment, and if so, whether this is done in collaboration with the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, August 7, 2003
- ↑ a b c d e f Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)
- ^ Bill Roggio: Hizbul Mujahideen chief: Pakistan allows terror group to run 'hundreds of training camps' The Long War Journal, May 27, 2011
- ↑ Terrorist Organization Profile: Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HuM) website of the US National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
- ^ A b Al Badr on the South Asia Terrorism Portal
- ↑ a b Al Badr
