Eyebright
| Eyebright | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common eyebright ( Euphrasia rostkoviana ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Euphrasia | ||||||||||||
| L. |
Eyebright ( Euphrasia ) is a plant genus in the family of Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). The more than 350 species are distributed almost worldwide, with a focus on the northern hemisphere .
Description and ecology
The Euphrasia species grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The leaves are arranged opposite one another. The Euphrasia species are semi-parasites that extract water and nutrient salts from the xylem of the host roots with the help of suction roots . Unlike other semi-parasites, they can also live without parasitizing. The seeds germinate only in the chemical sphere of influence of the host.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Euphrasia was established by Carl von Linné . The botanical genus name Euphrasia is derived from the Greek word ευφρασία, euphrasía for joy, cheerfulness. Synonyms for Euphrasia L. are: Anagosperma Wettst. , Siphonidium J.B. Armstr.
Since the different clans form hybrids with one another very easily, it is difficult to determine the species and the systematics of this genus. Depending on the flora and fauna and the author, different types and subspecies can be found. The systematics of the genus Euphrasia is discussed controversially.
The (more than 170 to) over 350 species are distributed almost worldwide, with a focus on the northern hemisphere .
Here is a small selection of types:
- Euphrasia amurensis Freyn : It is common in Russia's Far East and in the Chinese provinces of northwest Heilongjiang and northern Nei Mongol .
- Arctic eyebright ( Euphrasia arctica Lange ex Rostr. )
- Euphrasia arguta R.Br. : It occurs in Australia.
- Euphrasia brevilabris Y.F.Wang, YSLian & GZDu : It only thrives in the Chinese province of Gansu at altitudes of 2900 to 3200 meters.
- Blue eyebright ( Euphrasia caerulea swap )
- Euphrasia collina R.Br. : It occurs in 15 subspecies in the Australian states of New South Wales , southeastern Queensland , South Australia , Victoria , southern Western Australia and Tasmania .
- Euphrasia cuneata G. Forest. : It was first described from New Zealand.
- Euphrasia disjuncta Fernald & Wiegand : It occurs in northern North America in the Canadian states of Yukon Territory , Newfoundland and Labrador , Québec , Alberta and in the US states of Alaska and Maine .
- Euphrasia durietziana Ohwi : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2800 to 3500 meters in Taiwan only in the counties of Hualien and Yilan .
- Nordic eyebright ( Euphrasia frigida Pugsley )
- Shaggy eyebright ( Euphrasia hirtella Jord. Ex Reut. ): It is distributed from Europe via Kazakhstan , Russia , the People's Republic of China and Mongolia to Korea .
- Euphrasia insignis Wettstein : It was first described from Japan.
- Euphrasia jaeschkei Wettstein : It iswidespreadin India, Pakistan , Nepal and in the Tibetan district of Gyirong .
- Euphrasia lasianthera W.R.Barker : It occurs in Australia.
- Euphrasia liburnica Wettstein : It occurs in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and the Ukraine.
- Euphrasia matsudae Yamamoto : It only thrives in Taiwan at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 meters.
- Slender eyebright ( Euphrasia micrantha Rchb. )
- Dwarf eyebright ( Euphrasia minima Jacq. Ex DC. )
- Euphrasia nankotaizanensis Yamamoto : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2800 to 3600 meters in Taiwan only in the counties of Yilan and Taitung .
- Grove eyebright ( Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. )
-
Large or common eyebright ( Euphrasia officinalis L. or Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne in a broader sense): It is widespread in Europe and in northeastern Turkey and Georgia.
- Kerner's eyebright ( Euphrasia officinalis subsp. Kerneri (Wettst.) Eb. Fisch. )
- Colorful eyebright ( Euphrasia officinalis subsp. Picta (Wimm.) Oborný )
- Meadow eyebright or common eyebright in the narrower sense ( Euphrasia officinalis subsp. Rostkoviana (Hayne) F.Towns. )
- Euphrasia pectinata Tenore : It is distributed with several subspecies in Europe and from Russia's Far East, Mongolia and China to Korea.
- Euphrasia pumilio Ohwi : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 3100 to 3800 meters in Taiwan only in Taichung and in Nantou County .
- Euphrasia regulii Wettstein : It is distributed with several subspecies in Mongolia, Kashmir , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia's Far East, Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and China.
- Salzburg eyebright ( Euphrasia salisburgensis Funck ex Hoppe ): It occurs in Spain, France, Corsica, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Crete, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Turkey.
- Euphrasia schischkinii Sergievskaja : It occurs in Russia and in northwestern Xinjiang .
- Stiff eyebright ( Euphrasia stricta J.P. Wolff ex JFLehm. )
- Euphrasia subexserta Benth. : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Mendoza , Neuquén and Río Negro and in central Chile .
- Euphrasia syreitschikovii Govoruchin ex Sergievskaja : It occurs in Russia and in northwestern Xinjiang .
- Euphrasia tarokoana Ohwi : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 1300 to 2000 meters in Taiwan only in Hualien County.
- Euphrasia transmorrisonensis Hayata : Itonlythrives in Taiwan at the alpine altitude between 2600 and 3300 meters.
-
Euphrasia tricuspidata L. , with the subspecies:
- Krainer eyebright ( Euphrasia tricuspidata subsp. Cuspidata (host) Hartl , Syn .: Euphrasia cuspidata host ): It occurs in Germany, Austria, Italy and Slovenia.
- Euphrasia tricuspidata L. subsp. tricuspidata : It occurs in Germany, Italy and Croatia.
photos
Euphrasia minima subsp. tatrae
Use in medicine
The Common Eyebright ( Euphrasia officinalis ) was used to medically and is still used in alternative medicine. See Common Eyebright # Ophthalmic Use .
Species protection
In 1997, 46 eyebright species were included in the IUCN 's Red List of Globally Endangered Plant Species . Of these, Euphrasia omiensis (Syn: Euphrasia insignis var. Omiensis ) (from Japan) is believed to be extinct. Euphrasia arguta (from Australia) has been missing since 1904 and was rediscovered in the Nundle Stateforest in New South Wales in July 2008 . Many countries do not report their species to this IUCN list, which is why this list is incomplete and there are newer species than 1997.
literature
- Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X
- Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others . Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4
- Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. : Euphrasia , p. 92 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X . (Section description).
- Willem Frans Daems: Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van Euphrasia. In: Scientarum Historia. Volume 4, 1962, pp. 53-62.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill: Scrophulariaceae. : Euphrasia , p. 92 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 18: Scrophulariaceae through Gesneriaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1998, ISBN 0-915279-55-X .
- ↑ a b c d e Euphrasia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d Karol Marhold, 2011: Scrophulariaceae : Datasheet Euphrasia In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ^ Willem F. Daems † (together with Mientje Daems and Gundolf Keil ): Euphrasia. Contributions to the medieval pharmacology of eyebright and strawberry. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 14, 1996, pp. 253-260.
Web links
- Search for "Euphrasia" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
