Kichwa
| Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Ecuador , Colombia , Peru | |
| speaker | 2,000,000 | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | some communities of Ecuador governed by indigenous peoples at the local level (in addition to Spanish , e.g. in Otavalo ), according to the Ecuadorian constitution of 2008 "official language for intercultural relations" | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
qu (macro language Quechua) |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
que (macro language Quechua) |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
que (macro language Quechua) |
|
As Kichwa (also: Quichua ) are the variants of the Quechua language family as well as their spokesperson in Ecuador , Colombia and the north and east ( Amazonia ) Peru's called. The term “ Quichua ” is also used in Argentina , but the variants there are not part of the Kichwa, but rather the Southern Quechua . There are also no other Quechua variants in which Kichwa is used as a self-name (e.g. Cajamarca-Quechua , Wanka-Quechua ), but this is due to a borrowing from the Spanish .
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Origin of the name
The name comes from the fact that the uvular plosive [q] in the northern Quechua variants ( Chinchay ) has become a velar plosive [k] (corresponding to the German k), which is why the sound [i] is never like [e] , [u] but never like [o] is spoken. The Quechua word qichwa (pronounced: "ketschua" with uvular k, that is, far back in the throat) is therefore pronounced kichwa ("kitschua") in the north . Qichwa actually means "valley" or refers to a high altitude zone of the Andes and their inhabitants, who mostly speak or spoke Quechua. In Kichwa, the self-name of the language is Runashimi ("human word ", in South Quechua Runasimi ).
Development of the language in Ecuador
In today's Ecuador (and Colombia, where there are only a few thousand speakers), Quechua became the native language of the population relatively late. At the latest with the Inca conquest , a form based on southern Quechua was spread among the linguistically very different peoples of Ecuador as the lingua franca (Lengua general) . As a result of the resettlement and the associated mixing of people of different languages of origin, initially under the Inca, later under the Spaniards , the Kichwa developed as a Creole form of the Quechua language. While the Quechua vocabulary was almost entirely adopted, there was a great deal of restructuring in phonology and grammar . These changes have taken place in the Ecuadorian highlands as well as in the lowlands of Ecuador and Colombia ( Inga-Kichwa ).
Suppression and defense of the Kichwa language
Since the independence of Ecuador, but especially since the beginning of the 20th century , the language has increasingly been replaced by Spanish . With their rise since the 1970s, indigenous organizations in Ecuador, including ECUARUNARI as the representation of the Kichwa ethnic groups , have made the defense of languages a political issue and achieved the anchoring of so-called intercultural bilingual education in the 1998 constitution , albeit still Spanish the only official constitutional language remained. Since then, Kichwa communities have opened numerous bilingual schools on their own responsibility, but have not yet been able to provide comprehensive coverage. The extent to which the loss of speech can be halted and reversed cannot yet be foreseen.
In 2008, an application in parliament to include Kichwa as a nationwide official language with equal rights alongside Spanish in the new constitution failed. Instead, according to Article 2, Paragraph 2, Spanish is the official language of Ecuador; Kichwa and Shuar are official languages for "intercultural relations", the other indigenous languages for the "official use of the [respective] indigenous peoples".
Number of speakers
The information on the number of speakers in Ecuador varies widely and is usually given between 750,000 and 2 million. There are likely to be a few thousand speakers in Colombia and tens of thousands in the Peruvian Amazonia. In the 2001 census, only about 500,000 speakers were found in all of Ecuador. However, the credibility of this number is debatable.
orthography
Since the nineties there has been a uniform spelling for Ecuador (Quichua unificado, Shukllachishka Kichwa) , which has replaced the previous dialect-based, but entirely Spanish- oriented spellings. It is based on the Peruvian official alphabet (Alfabeto oficial) for Quechua and is used in schools as well as by other state institutions. Most of the Christian churches still adhere to the Spanish spelling, as can also be found in the Bible translations in different Quichua variants , but Radio HCJB now has a Kichwa page in the official spelling.
Main differences to southern Quechua
The variants of southern Peru ( Chanka , Qusqu-Qullaw : dialects from Huancavelica southward), Bolivia and Argentina are called southern Quechua . Here the differences between the Kichwa and Ecuador are shown in comparison.
- Loss of possessive suffixes
- Ownership and affiliation are expressed exclusively by placing the corresponding noun or pronoun of the owner, to which a -pak can be added, in front of the noun of possession.
- A remnant of the possessive endings is the term for "God" Apunchik (actually "our Lord"), which shows that in the missionary still an original stage of Quechua with possessive suffixes was used.
- Loss of objective conjugation (transition)
- During the transition, the object is expressed exclusively by the personal pronoun (or noun), usually by adding -ta (as in Spanish or German).
- Loss of distinction between inclusive and exclusive "we"
- The pronoun for exclusive “we”, ñuqayku (ñuqakuna) , and the corresponding verbal endings (-niku / -yku / -ni llapa) have been lost. The formerly (and south of Ecuador still) exclusively inclusive ñukanchik and the associated verbal ending -nchik express "we" in general (inclusive and exclusive).
- Changes in the meaning of suffixes or infixes
- The progressive infix -chka- has been lost; its role is taken over by the originally reflexive -ku- . The importance of -ku- takes over the former inchoative -ri- .
- Takeover of the function of -pti- by -kpi, -shkapi and -shkawan
- The infix -pti- to form subordinate clauses equivalents has been lost; its role is taken over by the suffixes -kpi , -shkapi and -shkawan (originated from -q or -šqa and -pi or -wan ).
- Loss of evidential suffix -sh / -shi, generalization of -mi
- The evidential suffix -shi or -sh has been lost in many Ecuadorian Kichwa dialects. Instead, nin or ninmi is appended to express second-hand information . The suffix -mi is often added even to second-hand information, so it loses its original function (knowledge from personal experience).
Examples:
| German | Qusqu-Qullaw | Kichwa |
|---|---|---|
| Our father! (Lord's Prayer) | Yayayku! (Taytayku!) | Ñukanchik Tayta! |
| I love you. | Munaykim. | Kanta munanimi. |
| Do you love me? | Munawankichu? | Ñukata munankichu? |
| The Inca was the son of the sun. | Inkaqa intip churin kasqa. | Inkaka intipak churi kashka. |
| This is my house. | Chayqa wasiymi. | Chayka ñuka (pak) wasimi. |
| Is this your house? | Wasiykichu chay? | Kan (pak) wasichu chay? |
| I'm working at the moment). | Llamk'achkani. | Llankakuni. |
| He combed his hair. | Ñaqch'akurqan. | Ñakcharirka. |
| When I came he was working (at the moment). | Hamuptiy, llamk'achkarqanmi. | Ñukaka shamukpi, llankakurkami. |
| The animals used to speak once. | Ñawpa pacha uywakunaqa rimaqsi kasqa. | Ñawpa pacha wiwakunaka rimak kashka ninmi. |
- pronunciation
In the debate , there are also differences to southern Quechua. In addition to the adjustment of the original [q] to the [k], the following should be mentioned: "ll" is pronounced as in Argentina (j in French Journal), "mp" as [mb], "nt" as [nd] and "nk “Like [ng]. In some dialects there is also an "f", where otherwise a "p" occurs. However, the voiced plosives b, d, g and f are not phonemic and are therefore reproduced in the new orthography as p, t, k and p - also in alignment with other Quechua variants. The "ch" coincides with the "ll" before "n" through assimilation in the pronunciation. In contrast to the southern dialects, the original "sh" (like German: sch) has been preserved and has a phonemic character (e.g. pushak = "leader"; pusak = "eight").
- vocabulary
The vocabulary corresponds mainly to southern Quechua, but there are some important words that Kichwa only has in common with central Peruvian (Ancash, Huánuco, Junín) and northern Peruvian Quechua. The two most common are chusku instead of tawa for "four" and tamya instead of para for "rain". In addition, there are borrowings from other indigenous languages of Ecuador.
Variants of the Kichwa
Regional variants of the Kichwa of Ecuador
According to SIL International there are nine “Quichua languages” in Ecuador, while the evangelical FEDEPI states eight variants (Kañar and Saraguro Kichwa combined). The phonetic differences are illustrated using an example sentence ("The men will come in just two days"), for comparison in "Unit Kichwa" and Southern Quechua :
| Kichwa variant | SIL code | Speaker according to SIL / FEDEPI | Language area | pronunciation | Notation (SIL or official) | Pronunciation of "ll" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quichua Serrano Central: Puruhá etc. |
[qug] | 1,000,000 / 2,500,000 |
Chimborazo , Cotopaxi , Bolívar , Tungurahua | Čay k'arikunaka iški punžažapimi šamunga. | Chai c'aricunaca ishqui punllallapimi shamunga. | ll = ž |
| Imbabura: Otavalos , Kayampi , Karanki , Natabuela , Kitu Kara | [qvi] | 300,000 / 1,000,000 |
Imbabura , Pichincha ( Cayambe ) | Čay harikunaka iškay punžapižami šamunga. | Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. | ll = ž |
| Quichua Serrano Sur: Kañari Saraguros |
[qxr] [qxl] |
200,000 / qxr: 100,000 qxl: 15,000 |
Cañar , Azuay , Chimborazo Loja , Azuay |
Čay k'arikunaka iškay punžallapimi šamunga. | Chai c'aricunaca ishcai punzhallapimi shamunga. | ll <> ž |
| Salasaca | [qxl] | 15,000 | Salasaca (Canton in Tungurahua ) | Či k'arigunaga iški p'unžažabimi šamunga. | Chi c'arigunaga ishqui p'unllallabimi shamunga. | ll = ž |
| Pichincha (Calderón) | [qud] | 25,000 | Pichincha | Čay harikunaka iškay punžapižami šamunga. | Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. | ll = ž |
| Napo Alto (Tena) | [quw] | 5,000 / 10,000 |
Napo | Či kariunaga iški punžallaimi šamunga. | Chi cariunaga ishqui punzhallaimi shamunga. | ll <> ž |
| Napo Bajo | [qvo] | 4,000 (ECU) + 8,000 (PER) / 15,000 |
Orellana , Sucumbíos | Či karigunaga iškay punčallaimi šamunga. | Chi carigunaga ishcai punchallaimi shamunga. | ll <> ž |
| Pastaza (+ Bobonaza; also Sarayacu ) |
[qvz] | 4,000 (ECU) + 2,000 (PER) / 10,000 |
Pastaza | Či karigunaga iškay punžallaimi šamunga. | Chi carigunaga ishcai punzhallaimi shamunga. | ll <> ž |
| Shucyachishca Quichua | - | (outdated standard) | Ecuador | Čay karikunaka iškay punllallapimi šamunka. | Chai caricunaca ishcai punllallapimi shamunca. | ll <> ž |
| Shukyachishka Kichwa | - | (Ecuador font standard) | Ecuador | Čay karikunaka iškay punllallapimi šamunka. | Chay karikunaka ishkay punllallapimi shamunka. | ll <> ž |
| Chanka-Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa | - | ( Southern Quechua writing standard ) | Peru, Bolivia | Čay qharikunaqa iskay p'unčawllapim hamunqa. | Chay qharikunaqa iskay p'unchawllapim hamunqa. | ll <> ž |
(Source: FEDEPI - http://quichua.net/Q/Ec/Ecuador/E-QSC.html [with map], expanded. Accessed on Sep. 16, 2006, no longer available)
Kichwa in the Peruvian Amazonia
The pronunciation of the Kichwa of northern Peru in the linguistic islands of San Martín ( Lamas-Quechua ) and Loreto largely corresponds to the Kichwa dialects of Ecuador and Colombia, but it has not taken part in the grammatical reorganization or creolisation at all (there is e.g. . further two "we" forms).
Footnotes
- ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador from 2008 ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 507 kB)
- ↑ Marc Becker, Upside Down World: Indigenous organizations support Ecuador's new constitution
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Examples: CUNAN CRISTO JESUS BENDICIAN HCJB ( Memento from July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (former Quichua-language page of Radio HCJB ), Quichua.net , Mushuj Testamento Diospaj Shimi: San Juan. Biblica Inc., 2010 on Bible com, Luis Santillan: NARA CAZARASHPA RIJSINAMANTA ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , March 5, 2014, on the website of Radio HCJB.
- ↑ Luis Santillan: Kichwa. Ñukanchik kawsay, Apuchitaki, Mushuk kawsay, Pakari ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Kichwa-speaking site of Radio HCJB )
See also
Web links
- Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi - Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi - Runa Shimi . Dictionary Kichwa-Spanish, Spanish-Kichwa (Ecuadorian Ministry of Education) (PDF, 7.4 MB)
- Otavalos Online: Kichwa for Spanish speakers, beginners (PDF) (128 kB)
- KU Kechwa Resource Center: Learning Salasaka Kechwa (in English)
- Pieter Muysken: Semantic transparency in Lowland Ecuadorian Quechua morphosyntax (PDF file)
- Map of the regional variants of the Kichwa in Ecuador and Colombia (Quichua.net / FEDEPI.org)