Southern Quechua

Southern Quechua (Qhichwa simi)
Spoken in	Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Peru
speaker	5,000,000
Linguistic ; classification	Quechua language family Wampuy (Quechua II) Southern Quechua (Quechua II c) ;
Official status
Official language in	Bolivia , Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	qu

Southern Quechua or southern Quechua ( Quechua Urin Qichwa , Urin Qhichwa , Qhichwa simi , Spanish Quechua sureño , also Chanka-Qullaw or Chanca-Collao ) denotes the closely related Quechua varieties of southern Peru , Bolivia and Argentina as well as those based on the varieties Common written language developed in southern Peru and Bolivia .

Classification and Distribution

Distribution area of southern Quechua

The southern Quechua, which is also called Quechua II c after Alfredo Torero , forms one of the subgroups of Quechua II or Wampuy . It includes the Quechua varieties of southern Peru (from Huancavelica southwards), Bolivia and Argentina .

Structurally, the Chanka-Quechua in the Peruvian departments of Ayacucho , Huancavelica and parts of Apurímac , the Qusqu-Qullaw-Quechua in the area of the Peruvian departments of Cusco , Puno , Arequipa and part of Apurímac as well as in Bolivia and the Quichua Santiagueño of Argentina Province of Santiago del Estero . Classical Quechua , which has been handed down in writing, is an older language level of Southern Quechua .

The number of speakers who speak varieties belonging to this branch of Quechua is about 5 million, about half of all Quechua speakers.

Language standardization

The decisive step towards a common spelling standard goes back to the Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino , who himself, however, speaks Wanka Quechua, which belongs to a different dialect group (Quechua I), as his mother tongue. Cerrón was also supported by his well-known colleague Alfredo Torero . This standard is now accepted by many institutions in Peru and also serves as the basis for Microsoft's software translations into Quechua. It contains the original structures of the southern oral Quechua varieties spoken today. Examples:

Ayacucho	Cuzco	Standard of southern Quechua	translation
upyay	uhyay	upyay	"drink"
utqa	usqha	utqha	"fast"
llamkay	llank'ay	llamk'ay	"work"
ñuqanchik	nuqanchis	ñuqanchik	" We (inclusive) "
-chka-	-sha-	-chka-	(Suffix: unfinished act)
punchaw	p'unchay	p'unchaw	"Day"

The different regional pronunciations and the comparison with a standardized spelling are sometimes also a topic in Quechua lessons in intercultural bilingual education in Peru.

The same standard is now used for Quechua in Bolivia , also in intercultural bilingual education , with only one exception: instead of "h", the "j" used in Spanish for the [h] sound is written. In the Chanka-Quechua area ( Ayacucho and Huancavelica in Peru) - at least when it comes to literacy - the rendition of breath and explosive sounds, as only found in Quechua Qusqu-Qullaw , has been dispensed with , and -pa instead of the short form -p written for the genitive ending. Cerrón's proposal, however, provides for a uniform spelling for the entire southern Quechua language area, without wanting to establish a uniform pronunciation.

The following letters are used for the inherited Quechua vocabulary and for borrowings from the Aymara :
a, ch, chh, ch ', h, i, k, kh, k', l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, ph , p ', q, qh, q', r, s, t, th, t ', u, w, y.

In place of the sh of the other (northern and central) variants there is s.
Instead of the ĉ of Junín, Cajamarca and Lambayeque there is ch.

As in general in the official Quechua spelling for all variants, the letters e and o are not used for inherited Quechua words, since the corresponding sounds are allophones of i and u, which are adjacent to q, qh, q 'occur.

The following letters are only used in loan words from Spanish and other languages (not from Aymara):
b, d, e, f, g, o.

Only in proper names or directly adopted Spanish expressions appear:
c, v, x, z; j (in Peru; in Bolivia it takes the place of h).

The spelling of Southern Quechua comes very close to the Quechua variety used by the Incas (at least in the final phase of the Inca Empire) and in the early colonial period as a lingua franca ( Lengua general ) . However, there is no longer any distinction between "s" and "sh" ("c" / "z" and "s" in the old spelling; the difference is still present in the other modern Quechua varieties), and only " -ta "and no longer" -kta "used in the accusative, as these old features of Quechua do not exist in any of today's southern Quechua varieties.

literature

Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino : Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua-castellano, castellano-quechua [Southern Quechua, unified Quechua-Spanish dictionary, Spanish-Quechua]. Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima 1994.
Óscar Chávez Gonzales: Urine Qichwa. Siminchik allin qillqanapaq: chankakunapaq qullawkunapaqwan . Editorial Textos, Lima 2017. 72 pages, ISBN 978-612468683-2
César Itier: Diccionario Quechua Sureño - Castellano . Editorial Commentarios, Lima 2017. Número de páginas: 303 pages, 3900 headwords, ISBN 978-9972-9470-9-4
Alfredo Torero : Los dialectos quechuas . Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria , 2, pp. 446-478. Lima, 1964.
Alfredo Torero: La familia lingüística quechua . En: Pottier, Bernard (ed.) América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas . Caracas; Monte Avila Editores, CA pp. 61-92., 1983.