Argentine Quechua
| Argentine Quechua (Arhintina Runasimi) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Argentina | |
| speaker | 60,000 | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
qu |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
que |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
qus, que (macro language) |
|
The Argentinian Quechua or Argentine Ketschua , Spanish Quechua Argentino includes three varieties of Quechua, all the Southern Quechua be attributed to (Quechua IIc). The traditional distribution area included the provinces of Jujuy , Salta , Catamarca , La Rioja , Tucumán , and parts of Santiago del Estero , Córdoba , San Juan and Mendoza
It has not been conclusively clarified whether there are three independent dialects of Quechua, or just a supra-regional variety that encompassed the entire north-west of Argentina, with the three above. Varieties as regional characteristics.
Quechua from Santiago del Estero
Quechua probably only spread in Santiago del Estero after the Spanish conquered it. In the course of the 16th century, the Quichua, which served as the lingua franca of the indigenous people who immigrated and deported from various areas of the Spanish colonial empire, prevailed in the city and the surrounding area and replaced other local languages such as Jurí. By the middle of the 19th century, a predominantly non-indigenous Creole population developed, although it was predominantly Quichua-speaking. In the first decades of the 20th century, Quichua was still widespread in the capital, Santiago, alongside Spanish. The rural areas, especially in the southern part of the province between the Dulce and Salado rivers, remained mostly Quichua-speaking. Since the second half of the 20th century, the use of Spanish increased at the expense of Quichua.
Today the Quechua of Santiago del Estero , Quichua Santiagueño is spoken according to various estimates by 60,000 to 150,000 people. The speakers are consistently bilingual and the language is no longer passed on to the younger generation in most areas. It is therefore one of the endangered Quechua variants. However, many Santiagueños use individual Quechua words in otherwise Spanish sentences. The Quichua Santiagueño is only in one school (Escuela de Bandera Bajada taught) in Santiago del Estero as a foreign language on a voluntary basis by a single teacher without any government support. There is not even a generally accepted spelling for which Southern Quechua , used in Peru and Bolivia , would be suitable .
The following features are characteristic of Quechua in Santiago del Estero:
- Contraction , especially of the sound sequences awa to aa and nchik to ysh , z. B. qaay "look" or nuqaysh "we ( inclusive )".
- The initial [h] has fallen silent.
- Development of the palato-lateral liquid [ʎ] to [ʒ], as in regional Spanish, or to voiceless [ʃ] before consonant: llullay ['ʒuʒai] lie or allqo [' aʃqo] dog
- Absence of the ejective and aspirated plosives present in other varieties of Quechua IIc
The long-term influence of the Spanish language and the almost general bilingualism that has existed for a long time has strongly influenced the structure of the Quichua of Santiago. Hybrid formations are very common, for example by combining a root word from Quichua with a Spanish suffix: Quichua 'challu' "fish" + Spanish -'ero / era '"[agentis noun] results in' challuero '" fisherman ", which is interchangeable is used with the Quichua word 'challuq'.
The sentence order is also influenced by Spanish, for example when, in contrast to most other varieties of Quechua, the position of the adjective is not before but after the noun: 'chunka' "leg" and 'wira' "thick" results in 'chunka wira' "thick leg", analogous to the Spanish 'pierna gorda'.
The verb 'riy' "to go" can, analogous to the 'ir' in regional Spanish, change from a full verb to an auxiliary verb that expresses future events.
Quechua from Jujuy
In the province of Jujuy , Quechua is also spoken by a few thousand people, which, however, belongs to the southern Bolivian Quechua and thus to the variant Qusqu-Qullaw . The traditional distribution area included the mountainous north of the Jujuy Province and adjacent areas of the Salta Province. Today these areas are largely Spanish-speaking. In the departments of Santa Catalina and Yavi in the far north of Jujuy there are still native speakers of Quechua, although there is also a tendency towards Spanish monolingualism. Only in Siénega (Cusi-Cusi) near the Bolivian and Chilean borders is it taught by a single teacher at a school.
Quechua from Catamarca and La Rioja
A third variety, the Quechua from Catamarca and La Rioja, which was linguistically closely related to the Quechua from Santiago del Estero, became extinct at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Quechua of Catamarca and La Rioja, like the dialect of Santiago del Estero, only spread after the Spanish conquered. The process of replacing it with Spanish began at the beginning of the 19th century and was completed by the early years of the 20th century at the latest.
The two varieties of Quechua seem to have been closely related. Common to both was, for example, the absence of ejective and aspirator plosives. However, [ʎ] did not develop into [ʒ] in Catamarca and La Rioja as in Santiago del Estero.
Web links
- Jorge R. Alderetes: Vocabulario del Quichua Santiagueño . Quechua-Spanish dictionary
- Asociación Tucumana de Investigadores en la Lengua Quechua: El Quechua en la República Argentina (Spanish)
- El Quechua en Argentina - Home Page de Jorge R. Alderetes (Spanish)
- El estado actual de la enseñanza de la Quichua en Santiago del Estero (Spanish)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Louisa R. Stark: History of the Quechua of Santiago del Estero . In: South American Indian Languages. Retrospect and Prospect . Austin TX 1985, pp. 732 f.
- ↑ Leila Inés Albarracín, Jorge Ricardo Alderetes: La lengua quechua en el noroeste argentino: estado actual, enseñanza y promoción . In: Serafín M. Coronel-Molina, Linda L. Grabner-Coronel (eds.): Lenguas e identidades en los Andes. Perspectivas ideológicas y culturales . Quito 2005, p. 137.
- ^ Ethnologue.com SIL International
- ↑ a b Gerardo Augusto Lorenzino: Mixed Origins of Santiagueño Quechua Syntax . In: Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics , 25, University of Kansas, 2000.
- ^ Germán de Granda Gutiérrez: Un fenómeno de convergencia lingüística por contacto en el quechua de Santiago del Estero. El desarrollo del futuro verbal perifrástico . In: Estudios filológicos , No. 32, 1997, pp. 131-150
- ↑ Pueblos indígenas en la Argentina 06: Kollas de Jujuy. Ed .: Ministerio de Educación y Deportes, p. 25
- ^ A b Ricardo LJ Nardi: El Quechua de Catamarca y La Rioja . In: Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folkloricas , 3, 1962, p. 193 f.