Qusqu-Qullaw

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Qusqu-Qullaw (Qhichwa simi: Qusqu, Qullasuyu)

Spoken in

Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Peru
speaker 4,000,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Bolivia , Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu (Quechua overall)

ISO 639 -2

que (Quechua overall)

ISO 639-3

que (macro language Quechua)

As Qusqu-Qullaw ( Spanish Cusco-Collao or Cuzco-Collao , in Peru since 2013 officially Qullaw qichwa , also Qullaw qhichwa , in Bolivia Qhichwa ) are those in the area of ​​the Peruvian departments of Cusco (Quechua: Qusqu ), Puno , Arequipa , a part by Apurímac as well as Quechua varieties spoken in Bolivia , which in addition to simple (p, t, k, q, ch) also have ejective and aspirated plosives (so-called Quechua cusqueño and Quechua boliviano ). With the Chanka-Quechua they form the macrolect or the southern Quechua language . The name Qullaw is the Quechua name for the plateau of Lake Titicaca ( Altiplano ), which comes from the popular name Qulla .

Features and classification

Qusqu-Qullaw, which belongs to Quechua II c after Torero, is the most widely spoken dialect group of Quechua with around 4 million speakers. The most important feature are the ejective and aspirated plosives , borrowed from the Aymara language , which do not occur in any other Quechua variety:

easy ejective aspirated
p p ′ p h
t t ′ t h
​tʃ​ tʃ ′ ​tʃ​ h
k k ′ k h
q q ′ q h

In the official Quechua alphabet, these sounds are rendered as follows:

easy ejective aspirated
p p ' ph
t t ' th
ch ch ' chh
k k ' kh
q q ' qh

Characteristic of the dialects of Cusco-Collao Quechua is also the Frikativierung of plosives in the end of a syllable: [p] to [f] or [h], [⁠ tʃ ⁠] to [⁠ ʃ ⁠] or [s], [t] to [s], [k] to [h] and [q] to [x] or [h]. Furthermore, [m] becomes [n] at the end of the syllable.

The dialects of southern Bolivia ( viewed by SIL International as a language of their own) have adopted many elements from Spanish (e.g. plural with -s instead of -kuna , diminutive with - (s) itu / - (s) ita instead of -cha ).

In Qusqu-Qullaw, in addition to the usual Quechua constructions with -pti- and -spa, there are also conditional clauses that end with the word chayqa . Furthermore - unlike in other local Quechua variants - there are a number of conjunctions and relative pronouns , which are formed by appending -chus to question words, especially in South Bolivian Quechua to form subordinate clauses .

Despite these peculiarities, the Quechua Qusqu-Qullaw is so close to the variants Chanka ( Ayacuchano , in Ayacucho and Huancavelica ) as well as Argentina that it is easy to understand each other. This relationship forms the basis for the common written language " Southern Quechua ". The original Quechua characteristics are used in the written language.

history

Quechua probably penetrated the region of Cuzco and today's Bolivia relatively late - in some cases possibly not until the Inca period - which is also supported by the relative uniformity of the language area compared to central Peru. Presumably through intensive contact with the Aymara , it took the ejective and aspirated plosives into its sound inventory. While the Lengua general of the Incas, which was also important in the early colonial period, was more similar to the Chanka Quechua and also contained elements of the Chinchay (Kichwa), during the colonial period the Cusco Quechua , the dialect spoken in the former center of the Inca empire, developed into a prestige dialect . The works of Quechua literature that emerged in the later colonial period already show ejective and aspirated plosives, but not yet frikativierung. This can only be ascertained in later texts, for example in the first translation of the four Gospels into Cusco-Quechua (1901–1904) by Clorinda Matto or in the language-puristic dramas and poems from the Academia de la that have been produced since the middle of the 20th century Lengua Quechua (AMLQ) in Cusco. The drama Ataw Wallpaj Puchukayninpa Wankan , published by the Bolivian writer Jesús Lara and probably also written by himself, is based on this sociolect of Cusco, but it also contains structures from Bolivian Quechua. The regional, popular sub-variants of the Qusqu-Qullaw have been given more prominence through publications from the oral tradition in the course of the 20th century. The first complete translations of the New Testament as well as the entire Bible in a Quechua variant appeared in South Bolivian Quechua (New Testament 1922, entire Bible 1986), each before the Cusco Quechua (New Testament 1947, entire Bible 1988). Both Bible translations were made jointly by Catholics and Protestants and are the only Quechua book available to Quechua- speaking people in large parts of the language area . A translation of the New Testament into the dialect of the eastern Apurimac by the Wycliff translators has been available since 2013 and a Catholic translation of the four Gospels into Puno-Quechua since 2007.

In 1975 the Qusqu-Qullaw was recognized as one of six variants by the government under Juan Velasco Alvarado and was one of the first variants in which - still on an experimental basis - intercultural bilingual education (IZE) was carried out, for example in the department in the 1980s Puno. Although there is a common standard with the Chanka with Southern Quechua , the two regional variants as Qullaw qichwa and Chanka qichwa are still run independently in the IZE in Peru. Most of the Qullaw qichwa texts used in the IZE follow the standards of Southern Quechua in practice, as is the case in Bolivia.

Sociolinguistic situation today

The Qullaw Quechua is one of the most vital variants of Quechua in Peru and still has a fairly coherent language area. While in the 2017 census in Apurímac 70% stated Quechua as their first language and the proportion is high in the Quechua-speaking parts of Puno (similar to Aymara there), it was only a little more than half of the population in the department of Cusco. In the village communities ( Ayllus , Comunidades campesinas) , Quechua is spoken by all generations, according to the Directorate for Intercultural Bilingual Education, so that here the language - similar to the corresponding rural regions of Bolivia - is classified as vital. The situation is more differentiated in the district capitals, where Quechua is seen as threatened in the Cusco region, for example, as many children no longer learn it. This applies even more to the provincial capitals. In the Puno department, too, Quechua is classified as endangered in most of the provincial capitals because few children learn it there, with the exception of Azángaro , where it is spoken by all generations.

The proportion of schools with intercultural bilingual education is significantly lower in Cusco with little more than 50% than in Ayacucho and Apurímac, where around 70% of the schools are covered. With the implementation of the Language Law (Ley 29735) in 2013, 2,311 schools in the Cusco department use Quechua as a first and 421 as a second language, in Puno 1504 schools use Quechua as a first and 344 as a second language, in Arequipa 156 schools use Quechua as a first and 232 as a second language , in Moquegua 51 schools Quechua as first and 51 as second language, in Madre de Dios (in Iberia, province of Tahuamanu ) 6 schools Qullaw-Quechua as first language, in Apurímac - where Chanka is used in addition to Qusqu-Qullaw - 1835 schools Quechua as a first and 143 as a second language. In the city of Cusco the supply of IZE is rather low (province of Cusco: 65 schools, all with Quechua as their first language, of which only 6 in the district of Cusco). While the 5-vowel spelling system propagated by the AMLQ was still widely used on an experimental basis in Cusco (RD Nº 155-2007), the 3-vowel system of the Qusqu-Qullaw has been prescribed since 2013 (RD Nº 282-2013- ED as confirmation of RM Nº 1218–1985-ED).

Before the Chanka, Qusqu-Qullaw is the variant of Quechua in Peru, into which most of the legal texts or other official texts have been translated. So far, the spelling with five vowels propagated by the AMLQ still competes with that with three vowels - depending on the translator. Official texts have also been translated into the uniform Southern Quechua or Chanka-Qullaw . De facto, however, most or at least many of the texts written today in Qusqu-Qullaw or Qullaw qichwa correspond to this standard.

literature

  • Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Diccionario Quechua Cuzco-Collao [- Castellano and vice versa]. Ministerio de educación del Perú.
  • Antonio Cusihuamán (1976): Gramática Quechua Cuzco-Collao. Ministerio de educación del Perú.

Web links

Official teaching materials in Peru

  • Sumaq kawsay - Kuskalla yachasunchik (reading, writing). Volume 1 (PDF) 2 (PDF) 3 (PDF) 4 (PDF) 5 (PDF) 6 (PDF)
  • Yupana - Kuskalla yachasunchik (arithmetic). Volume 1 (PDF) 2 (PDF) 3 (PDF) 4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú (PDF) Relación de variantes del quechua, Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Madre de Dios, Puno . Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural, 2013. pp. 254, 266, 275f., 468, 477, 513.
  2. ↑ a b c Módulo I Quechua. Qhichwa yachanapaq ch'ikllusqa yachay . (PDF) CARE + Ministerio de Educación, 2015.
  3. ↑ Guillermo Salas Carreño: Negotiating Evangelicalism and New Age tourism through Quechua ontologies in Cuzco, Peru . (PDF) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan, 2012. p. 345.
  4. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica: 2017 Census. Accessed January 8, 2019 (Spanish).
  5. ↑ Lima recibe a expertos en taller macro regional de la lengua quechua . ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. educacioninterculturalbilingueperu.org, June 2, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.educacioninterculturalbilingueperu.org
  6. ↑ Example: Language Law of 2011, Apu simi qelqa N ° 29735 . (PDF) (t'iqramuqnin Claudio A. Conde C.) vs. N ° 29735 Yupayniyuq ley. Quechua Cusco Collao . ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / publicaciones.cultura.gob.pe
  7. ↑ Yaku Unumanta Kamachikuy (Nº 29338, Ley de Recursos Hídricos) . (PDF) traducido al quechua chanka collao por Pablo Landeo Muñoz . Autoridad Nacional del Agua, 2013.
  8. ↑ Justo Oxa Díaz, Oscar Chavez Gonzales: 6 ° Rimana. Kuskanchik yachasunchik ( Memento from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Perú Suyupi Yachay Kamayuq, Lima 2013.
  9. ↑ Ñawinchanapaq munay qillqasqakuna 2015 . (PDF) Perú Suyupi Yachay Kamayuq, Lima 2015.