Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua

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The Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua ( Spanish ; German : Highest Academy of the Quechua Language , Quechua : Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur ), AMLQ for short, in Cusco is an institution that emerged in 1990 from a predecessor founded in 1954, which is responsible for the maintenance of the written language Quechua is obliged, more precisely to the " Qheswa Rimay or Cusco-Quechua (Quechua del Cusco) ".

Predecessor: Academia Peruana de la Lengua Quechua

In 1954, Faustino Espinoza Navarro , founder of the modern Inti Raymi in Cusco from 1944, actor and author of the Quechua -language stage manuscript belonging to it, together with other bilingual artists from Cusco, founded the Academia de la Lengua Quechua , whose statutes were adopted in January 1954. In this academy, connoisseurs of Cusco Quechua without formal training had the opportunity to gain recognition as intellectuals. Since then, the academy has repeatedly pointed out that in contrast to the Runa Simi , the "Quechua of the people", the Qhapaq Simi or "Ruler Quechua", also called "Inka Quechua" ( Inka Qheswa or Quechua Inka ), the purer Quechua must be taught in special schools (Yachay Wasi) and whose current guardians are the members of the Academia de la Lengua Quechua in Cusco. On December 10, 1958, under the government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche , the academy was officially recognized by law 13059 as Academia Peruana de la Lengua Quechua , based in the city of Cusco.

Academia Mayor

On June 6, 1990, the Peruvian parliament passed Law 25260, which provides for the creation of a language academy for Quechua in the city of Cusco, but without explicit mention of the AMLQ. On the basis of this law, the "Peruvian Academy" Academia Peruana de la Lengua Quechua was reconstituted as the "Supreme Academy" Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua . To date, the AMLQ receives almost no money from the Peruvian state, and the Ministry of Education does not share its views on the spelling of Quechua, as school materials are still published in a three-vowel spelling. The committee for drawing up the statutes of the AMLQ was not set up until 2009, when the AMLQ was recognized as a decentralized body in 2007.

In contrast to its predecessor institution in the 1950s, the AMLQ makes positive reference to the term Runa Simi , the “Quechua of the people”, but once again names the “purity of the Quechua language” as a goal in addition to the development of Quechua literature and linguistic research ".

Inca Quechua - Cusco Quechua - Spanish

Although “Inca Quechua” is mentioned in publications of the academy, their Quechua texts are not written in an earlier language level of Quechua in Cusco, as found in colonial texts and in another Quechua writing standard, Southern Quechua is used, namely with plosives at the end of the syllable, which still exist in other Quechua regional variants , but rather in modern Cusco Quechua , in which, as in all variants of the Qusqu-Qullaw, a fricative has taken place at the end of the syllable (e.g. intiq churin instead of intip churin , "son of the sun", Qheswa instead of Qhichwa or Qhechwa ).

The Quechua linguist Serafín Coronel Molina criticizes the academy members because despite all the talk of the "purity of Quechua" at their meetings they do not speak Quechua, but only Spanish.

The argument about three or five vowels in Quechua

On May 27, 1975, the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado declared Quechua to be the official language of Peru with equal rights by law 21156 and prescribed a spelling with five vowels in six regional variants. In 1983 Quechua and Aymara experts from all over Peru decided to use an alphabet with the three vowels a, i, u for Quechua and Aymara. On October 10, 1985, the government of Peru authorized by ministerial decree (Resolución Ministerial) 1218-85 such an alphabet for Quechua and Aymara with only three vowels. The academy resisted and decided in 1987, with the support of representatives from SIL International , to continue to use a five vowel system. She sticks to the five vowels to this day and writes Qosqo Qheswa instead of Qusqu Qhichwa . According to the AMLQ, the Quechua alphabet with five vowels is said to have been ratified by presidential decree (Resolución Presidencial) 001 of October 12, 1990. The regional government of Cusco recognized in the regional ordinance 025-2007-CR / GRC. / CUSCO of 2007 the Cusco Quechua as a five-vowel and therefore “complete” language of the “great Inca nation”. At the same time, compulsory Quechua instruction at all levels of the education system as well as compulsory basic knowledge of Quechua are determined for “every public authority and every civil servant”. At the national level, the 5-vowel spelling system propagated by the AMLQ was temporarily permitted on an experimental basis (RD Nº 155-2007), but the 3-vowel system of Qusqu-Qullaw has been prescribed since 2013 (RD Nº 282-2013-ED as confirmation of RM Nº 1218–1985-ED).

The linguist Juan Carlos Godenzzi takes the position that the AMLQ has hindered the official standardization of the orthography and syntax of Quechua by the Peruvian state.

Cusco as the origin of the Quechua language

David Samanez Flórez of the AMLQ tries to this day to prove the origin of the Quechua language in Cusco, although since the studies of Parker (1963) and Torero (1964) the origin of the Quechua languages in the mountains of central Peru has been assumed by linguists . This ideological position was also represented by the regional government of Cusco in the preamble of its regional decree 025-2007-CR / GRC. / CUSCO of 2007.

Branches

The AMLQ has branches (Academias filiales) in several Peruvian cities, including Lima and Arequipa . The Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca (ARIQC) , which was founded in 1987 and operated by indigenous people from the area around the city of Cajamarca , is, however, an independent institution with which there was friction when the AMLQ tried to set up its own branch in competition.

Web links

Publications

  • AMLQ (Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua) y Municipalidad del Qosqo (1995): Diccionario Quechua-Español-Quechua / Qheswa-Español-Qheswa Simi Taqe. Cusco. Online version (pdf 7.68 MB) .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Julio Rosas Huaranga , November 23, 2011: Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, creada por Ley 25260, institución antecesora: Academia Peruana de la Lengua Quechua, creada por Ley 13059  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www2.congreso.gob.pe
  2. ↑ Lovon, Armando Valenzuela (2002): Las maravillas del Inca Quechua . Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Cusco.
  3. ^ Marisol de la Cadena (2000): Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1991 . Duke University Press, 2000. p. 174.
  4. ↑ Guido Carrasco Quispe (2013): El trivocalismo quechua y los falsos temores de los pentavocalistas ( Memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) . Category: Artículos de Interés, Perú, 17 de mayo de 2013.
  5. ↑ a b Cosmovisión andina: historia del quechua
  6. ↑ Designan comisión de implantación de la Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua . Los Andes, October 4th, 2009.
  7. ↑ Reconocen a la Academia de Lengua Quechua como organismo Descentralizado . El Comercio, December 6, 2007.
  8. ↑ El Qheswa, Runa Simi o lengua de gentes ( Memento of December 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) . Los Andes, November 7th 2010.
  9. ↑ Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino : Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua-castellano, castellano-quechua [Southern Quechua, unified dictionary Quechua-Spanish, Spanish-Quechua]. Lima 1994, Biblioteca Nacional del Perú.
  10. ↑ Serafín M. Coronel Molina: Piruw malka kichwapiq hatun qillqa lulay ( Memento of March 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) . AMERINDIA n ° 24, 1999.
  11. ^ Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. (1996): Corpus Planning for the Southern Peruvian Quechua Language . Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 12 (2), pp. 1-27.
  12. ↑ El Qheswa, Runa Simi o lengua de gentes. Los Andes ( Memento of December 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), November 7, 2010.
  13. ↑ a b Gobierno Regional del Cusco, Consejo Regional: Ordenanza regional 025-2007-CR / GRC. / CUSCO , published in El Peruano on May 9, 2008 and thus in force in Cusco from May 10, 2008. (1) Reconózcase para todo fin, el idioma Quechua como un idioma completo y pentavocal, bajo la denominación de IDIOMA QUECHUA O RUNA SIMI, lengua mater de la Gran Nación Continental Inca, que dio origen a la Cultura Andina.
  14. ↑ Lima recibe a expertos en taller macro regional de la lengua quechua ( Memento from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) . educacioninterculturalbilingueperu.org, June 2, 2014.
  15. ↑ Godenzzi, Juan Carlos (1992): El recurso lingüístico del poder: coartadas ideológicas del castellano y el quechua . En: Godenzzi, Juan Carlos (ed) (1992): El quechua en debate: ideología, normalización y enseñanza. Cusco: CERA Bartolomé de las Casas. pp. 51-77.
  16. ↑ David I. Samanez Flórez (1994): Origen cusqueño de la lengua Quechua: como homenaje al Qosqo, con ocasión del reconocimiento constitucional de su capitalidad histórica . Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua de Qosqo, Municipalidad del Qosqo, 1994.
  17. ↑ Parker, Gary J. (1963): La clasificación genética de los dialectos quechuas . Revista del Museo Nacional 32: 241-52. Lima.
  18. ↑ Torero Fernández de Córdova, Alfredo A. (1964): Los dialectos quechuas . Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria 2 (4): 446-78. La Molina (Lima).
  19. ↑ Objection of the ARIQC chairman Dolores Ayay Chilón against the admission of a second Quechua academy in Cajamarca. http://juanestebanyupanqui.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.html