Cajamarca Quechua

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Cajamarca Quechua (Kashamarka Runashimi / Kichwa / Linwa)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 30,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

qvc, que (macro language)

Cajamarca-Quechua or Cajamarca-Ketschua ( Quechua : Kashamarka Runashimi , officially Kashamarka qichwa , also Kichwa or Linwa , Spanish Quechua Cajamarquino ) is a variety of Quechua that is spoken in a language island in the Peruvian department of Cajamarca .

Language area

Cajamarca-Quechua is spoken in the province of Cajamarca in parts of the districts of Chetilla , Cajamarca and Los Baños del Inca , particularly in Chetilla (Chetilla district) and Porcón (Cajamarca district).

history

Quechua in Cajamarca, which was never spoken in the entire region, probably dates back to resettlement groups ( mitmaq ) in the Inca period. In the case of Porcón , this should be Kañari from today's Ecuador, while Chetilla should go back to resettlers from Chachapoyas .

While the neighboring, unrelated Culli language died out in the first half of the 20th century, the Cajamarca Quechua language began to decline sharply in the second half of the century.

The first dictionary on Cajamarca-Quechua and a grammar were published in 1976 by Felix Quesada on behalf of the Peruvian government. Most of the material on this Quechua variant, however, comes from David Coombs of the Summer Linguistic Institute ( SIL International ), who lived in the region with his wife Heidi as a Wycliffe Bible translator from 1973 to 2012. A translation of the New Testament published in 2005 can be traced back to the activities of the Coombs together with Quechua-speaking pastors .

On March 15, 1986, indigenous people in the region founded the Regional Academy of the Quechua Language in Cajamarca (Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca, ARIQC), which aims to “reclaim, save and preserve” Quechua through teaching, research and dissemination the language. A clear focus of work is in Quechua teaching.

Linguistic features

The Cajamarca Quechua has largely retained the old Quechua sound system, including the retroflex ch [ĉ]. The initial [h] has become silent, so that this sound, expressed with "j", only occurs in Spanish loanwords. In common with other northern Peruvian Quechua variants, plural forms of the verb are formed by adding "llapa".

spelling, orthography

In 1976, Quesada used an orthography similar to the other dictionaries and grammars published at the time under Juan Velasco Alvarado for the regional Quechua variants and the spelling of five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) propagated by the AMLQ in Cusco to this day. included, but the consonants largely corresponded to today's Quechua conventions. Retroflexes ch was - as also by Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino in the Wanka Quechua grammar - rendered with "tr", which led to inaccuracies in loan words from Spanish such as trabajay . In addition, non- phonemic b, d, g in Quechua words - allophones from p, t, k after nasals - were rendered b, d, g. The Quechua Academy Cajamarca uses today - in accordance with Quechua phonology and thus modern orthographies - only three vowels (a, i, u), spelling np, nt, nk for mb, nd, ng and gives , as in modern Kichwa orthography retroflexes ch with ch 'again, not to be confused with the plosive ch' in southern Quechua . In loan words from Spanish there are also spellings with b, d, g. SIL International, on the other hand, uses five vowels and mb, nd, ng in its Quechua writings, which almost sticks to Félix Quesada's spelling of 1976, but writes ch 'for retroflexes ch.

Sociolinguistic situation today

Cajamarca-Quechua is currently being rapidly displaced by Spanish and only persists in the communities of Chetilla and Porcón in the province of Cajamarca, where the children increasingly only speak Spanish. Due to the low reputation of the indigenous language, the information on the number of speakers from censuses is much lower than the likely actual number. The numbers fluctuate between under 10,000 and over 30,000 speakers.

The main institution that advocates the Quechua language in Cajamarca is the Regional Academy of the Quechua Language in Cajamarca (Academia Regional del Idioma Quechua de Cajamarca, ARIQC; current president: Mr Dolores Ayay Chilón) , founded on March 15, 1987 Based in the city of Cajamarca , which is almost exclusively supported by regional Quechua speakers and, in addition to its commitment to intercultural bilingual education in schools (EIB), offers Quechua as a second language free of charge for children aged 6–12. She also strives in already Hispanic places, including z. B. Chamis and Cushunga, a revitalization of Quechua. Due to this commitment, Cajamarca-Quechua has recently been offered as a subject in schools. In early 2011, however, the Academy President Ayay accused the state authorities of not doing anything to preserve Quechua or the Aguaruna language (Awajún), which is also spoken in the department, and of denying the Academy any support , contrary to official announcements via the EIB Today teachers suppress the use of Quechua in Chetilla and Porcón. In stark contrast to the ignorance of the Peruvian elites towards the indigenous languages, there is a great interest from abroad in Cajamarca-Quechua. In 2009/2010, 50 interested parties from Germany, France, the USA, Finland, England, Russia, Ecuador, Belgium and the Netherlands quickly learned communication skills in Cajamarca-Quechua in courses at the Academy.

But even in supraregional Quechua contexts, the regional Quechua academy was countered by a lack of respect for the “regional dialect”: There were attempts by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cusco to set up a competing academy in the form of a “regional branch”. The ARIQC, on the other hand, works with Kichwa organizations from Ecuador , with whom, according to their own statements, an understanding should be possible without problems when using their own Kichwa variant.

Hostility towards the Cajamarca Quechua has also been reported in Protestant churches. According to a study by Marco Arana Zegarra in 2002, not only traditional clothing and musical instruments, but also the use of Quechua are socially outlawed in the Adventist church in Alto Porcón . The author cites the oral testimony of an employee of a local radio station who was repeatedly attacked by the Adventist pastor of Porcón Bajo and former mayor of Porcón Alto for making radio broadcasts in Quechua on the grounds that “all people will think they are in Porcón Quechua Indians ". Unlike pupils in other parts of Porcón, the Adventist pupils from Porcón Alto reject all Quechua lessons and instead demand more English lessons, since English is ultimately needed for work in the - highly controversial and highly polluting - Yanacocha mine . Of 726 people in Granja Porcón, 81% are Catholics, while all comrades of the “Cooperative Jerusalem” (Granja Porcón), ie those with economic power, belong to the evangelical free church.

Heidi Coombs from SIL International also reports on the rejection of Quechua in evangelical churches in the 1980s. Convinced that the goal of evangelism could not be achieved in this way, Christians around Coombs opposed this position by public readings of biblical texts in Quechua in Chetilla, whereupon many listeners understood the message in the first place. Since then, according to Coombs, especially in connection with the translation of the New Testament, Cajamarca Quechua has been used increasingly in various churches, for example in readings and songs with traditional melodies.

At the end of 2008, the regional government of Cajamarca recognized Quechua alongside the Aguaruna language (Awajún) and Spanish as the “official language” and declared that it would collaborate with the regional Quechua academy on the institutionalization of education and administration in “oral and written form”. In 2011, the regional directive RDR N ° 4107-2011-ED / CAJ authorized the use of Quechua in primary, secondary and higher schools in Cajamarca, and with RDR N ° 0659-2012-ED / CAJ the regional Quechua Alphabet (3 vowels, 17 consonants) recognized. According to ARIQC President Ayay, regional President Gregorio Santos has given the region Cajamarca for the first time significant support for Quechua lessons since 2011, which is designed here with the aim of regaining the language. This is also clear from the numbers of the 281 schools in the Department of Cajamarca, which are planned for intercultural bilingual education and intercultural education for linguistic revitalization in 2014 : Here the students in 24 schools have Awajún and only 5 schools have Quechua as their mother tongue, while in 252 Schools (both primary and secondary schools) Quechua serves as the pupils' second language, so the aim is to acquire the Cajamarca-Quechua language - including 85 schools in the Cajamarca district, 16 in Chetilla and 52 in Baños del Inca. The three schools with Quechua as their mother tongue, which were operated in the Cajamarca department in 2013, are all located in Querocotillo, an area bordering the Lambayeque region and where the Inkawasi-Kañaris variant of Quechua is spoken. In 2014, six teaching positions for Cajamarca-Quechua native speakers in intercultural bilingual education were advertised for the first time at several schools in Chetilla, Porcón Alto, La Paqcha and Cajamarca, based on the language law drafted by María Sumire (Ley 29735) . According to the regional Quechua Academy, however, in the Quechua classes that have been organized at some primary and secondary schools since 2011, many pupils have achieved a language level within two years that enables them to communicate with the oldest, monolingual Quechua generation in their village for the first time enabled.

literature

Web links

Fairy tales, stories in Cajamarca-Quechua

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Dolores Ayay Chilón, chairman of the Academia Regional del Idioma kichwa variedad Cajamarca (ARIQC), in Diálogo RED Educación, Arte e Interculturalidad / Cajamarca. Web link: www.redeaiperu.org/textos/Di%C3%A1logo%20del%2030%20de%20junio%20del%202004%20cajamarca.doc (dead link), accessed on August 21, 2009.
  2. ^ Grace Chapel, California: Wycliffe Bible Translators: David & Heidi Coombs . Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  3. ↑ Marcelino Intor Chalán, 2002: Yach'akushun Qichwanchiqta - Aprendamos nuestro quechua (PDF; 726 kB), p. 22f.
  4. ↑ ARIQC: Yach'achinillapam Kashamarka-Kañaris runashimita - Enseñanza del idioma quechua Cajamarca-Cañaris ( Memento of the original from April 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pullapurishum.de
  5. ↑ Example: Spelling Quch'apanpa for Cochabamba or Yach'aywasi ("school") on the Academy's website: Yach'achinillapam Kashamarka - Kañaris runashimita ( Memento of the original from April 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. versus Qotrapamba and Yatraywasi in Félix Quesada (1976). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pullapurishum.de
  6. ^ Website of the academy, ibid .: nubyimri (from noviembre ), duminku (from domingo )
  7. ↑ See e.g. B. the translation of the New Testament into Cajamarca-Quechua (PDF; 2.3 MB).
  8. ↑ Servindi, 6th January 2011. Perú: Niños de Cajamarca aprenderán el quechua con clases gratuitas
  9. ↑ Dolores Ayay: Cada vez son menos las personas que hablan quechua. El Presidente de la Academia Regional de Quechua, pidió ayuda a las autoridades. Panorama Cajamarquino, January 19, 2011 ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.panoramacajamarquino.com
  10. ↑ Focus Latin America, January 21, 2011. Peru, Cajamarca: Bilingual training only paper tigers
  11. ↑ Perú: “En Cajamarca la EIB está en cero”, afirma Dolores Ayay. Servindi, January 20, 2011
  12. ↑ Oscar Guerrero, Aeronoticias, April 8, 2010: Estudiantes extranjeros aprendieron idioma quechua en Cajamarca
  13. ↑ Objection of the ARIQC chairman Dolores Ayay Chilón against the admission of a second Quechua academy in Cajamarca. http://juanestebanyupanqui.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.html
  14. ↑ Dolores Ayay Chilón in the document El kichwa de Cajamarca - una cultura e idioma vivos  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.redeaiperu.org  
  15. ↑ Arana Zegarra 2002, pp. 33-34.
  16. ↑ Heidi Coombs: Our heads aren't tired. Cajamarca Quechua Scripture Promotion. In: Margarethe Sparing-Chávez (Hrsg.): People of Peru  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / ftp.sil.org   (PDF, 36 MB), p. 24f. Summer Institute of Linguistics , Lima 2005.
  17. ↑ Cajamarca reconoce como lenguas oficiales al Awajun, Quechua y español. El Comercio, December 15, 2008.
  18. ↑ Jacinto Luis Cerna Cabrera, Dolores Ayay Chilón: Educación intercultural bilingüe en Cajamarca hacia la cumbre . Huella Docente, DRE Cajamarca, January 2015 , p. 20.
  19. ↑ Juan Arribasplata: Revalorización del quechua en Cajamarca ( Memento of the original of September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.noticiasser.pe archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Noticias SER, June 11, 2012.
  20. ^ Entrevista Dolores Ayay, y el apoyo del gobierno regional de Cajamarca al quechua . April 4, 2014.
  21. ↑ Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Cajamarca (2014) ( Memento of January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
  22. ↑ Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Junín , 2013, pp. 289f.
  23. ↑ GOBIERNO REGIONAL CAJAMARCA, DIRECCIÓN REGIONAL EDUCACIÓN: Convocatòria A CONCURSO PÚBLICO PLAZA Prevista PARA LA ENSEÑANZA DEL IDIOMA QUECHUA, VARIEDAD CAJAMARCA- Canaris ( Memento of the original January 18, 2015 Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Cajamarca, April 22, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ugelcajamarca.gob.pe
  24. ↑ Jacinto Luis Cerna Cabrera: La función de la Academia Quechua cajamarca-sucesos.com, February 2014.