Hispanization

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Hispanization (Spanish Hispanización or Castellanización ), the still ongoing acculturation of native, indigenous people and the displacement of indigenous languages by the Spanish language - the language changes to Spanish - in the former Spanish colonies (especially in Latin America ) and in Spain itself designated.

Hispanization in Latin America

After the Conquista , some common indigenous languages ​​were initially preferred as mission languages and thus - to a limited extent - spread. In the viceroyalty of New Spain (today Mexico ) these were in particular the Nahuatl , Mayathan and Taraskish , in the viceroyalty of Peru the Quechua and Aymara . This was supported by a decree of Philip II of Spain from 1570 to make Nahuatl the official language in New Spain for communication between whites and indigenous people. Over a century later, in 1696, Charles II of Spain issued a decree that Spanish alone was to be the official language in the Spanish colonial empire.

However, the accelerated decline of the indigenous languages ​​began only after the independence of the states of Latin America , when the ruling Creoles established their language, Spanish, as the official language. In 1820, around 60% of Mexico's population was said to have spoken indigenous languages , while in 1889, according to the geographer Antonio García Cubas, the proportion had already fallen to 38%. The Mexican census of 2000 showed a proportion of only 7.1% who speak indigenous languages ​​either alongside Spanish or as monolinguals.

The Hispanization (castellanización) of the indigenous people was until recently a declared goal of the governments of Latin America and is a widespread practice of government policy up to the present day. Only since the 1990s have programs with intercultural bilingual education been introduced on a large scale , while indigenous languages ​​are still barely present in other policy areas.

literature

  • Felix Hinz: Hispanization in New Spain 1519-1568. Transformation of the collective identities of Mexica, Tlaxkalteken and Spaniards. Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-8300-2070-8 (= dissertation, University of Cologne 2004).
  • Beatriz Garza Cuaron and Doris Bartholomew. Languages ​​of intercommunication in Mexico. Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler, Darrell T. Tyron - 1996 Atlas of languages ​​of intercultural communication in the Pacific (1622 pages), pp. 1254-1290. Chapter 2. Historical outline, p. 1258, 2.1.5: Replacement of the dominant indigenous languages ​​by Spanish, pp. 1260-1262. Chapter 4: Spanish as a language of intercommunication, from the Conquest to present. pp. 1270-1271.
  • Rainer Enrique Hamel: Bilingual Education for Indigenous Communities in Mexico. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2008), Part 5, Part 18, pp. 1747-1758.
  • Juan Carlos Godenzzi: Language Policy and Education in the Andes. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2008), Part 1, Part 4, pp. 315-329.
  • Klaus Zimmermann: Periodización de la historia de las lenguas en México, in: Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 10: 2 (Issue 20) 2012 [Special issue “Historia del español en America”, Carrera de la Red, Micaela / Parodi, Claudia, eds .], pp. 193-209.

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