Wanka Quechua

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Wanka Quechua (Wanka Nunashimi)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 300,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu (Quechua overall)

ISO 639 -2

que (Quechua overall)

ISO 639-3

que (macro language), qvw (Waylla Wanka), qxw (Shawsha Wanka)

Wanka or Wanka-Quechua ( Quechua Wanka limay "Wanka language" or Wanka Nunashimi , Spanish Quechua Huanca ) is a variety of the central branch of the Quechua language family (Quechua I or Waywash after Alfredo Torero ), which is located in the southern part of the Peruvian department of Junín is spoken. It is the language of the historical people of the Wanka .

classification

Wanka differs so much from southern Quechua ( Chanka, Qusqu-Qullaw ), especially in pronunciation, but also in grammar , that communication is not possible. The phonological differences to the related ancashino are also so great that speakers of both variants can only make each other understandable with difficulty.

Wanka is divided into three dialects ( Waylla, Waycha, Shawsha ), which roughly correspond to the three historical realms of the Wanka (Hanan Huanca, Lulin Huanca, Hatun Xauxa). The dialect of Shawsha, which is phonetically and lexically different from the other two (more precisely: has retained original Quechua characteristics), is listed in the ethnologue of SIL International as its own Quechua language, while Waycha-Wanka is the dialect of the Quechua- Waylla-Wanka language counts.

Phonological peculiarities

Like other Waywash dialects and in contrast to Wampuy Quechua, the Wanka has three long ( aa, ii, uu ) and three short vowels ( a, i, u ). In the absence of a uvular plosive, there are no allophones [e] and [o]. A special feature of Wanka (compared to other Quechua variants) is that [l] almost always occurs instead of [r]. The original retroflex sound [ĉ] ("tr" in Serafín Coronel Molina and Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino ) has been preserved (as in only relatively few other Quechua variants), as well as next to the "sh" [š] as it is in all central ones and northern dialects occurs, retroflexes [ŝ]. An obstacle to communication with other Quechua speakers is that in Waylla and Waycha Wanka the original [q] becomes a voiceless glottal plosive (glottal stop) or disappears completely or leads to a lengthening of the vowel ( luuyay vs. southern Quechua ruqyay "[make] noise"). In Shawsha Quechua, on the other hand, the original [q] is pronounced like [h], so that it is easier for other Quechua speakers to understand. Furthermore, the initial [s] is preserved here, which has become [h] in Waylla and Waycha Wanka.

Writing

Long vowels have been written with vowel doubling ( aa, ii, uu ) since the reign of Juan Velasco Alvarado (dictionary and grammar Cerrón Palomino 1976) and to this day officially . This competes with spellings in SIL publications, texts from Jehovah's Witnesses and the Bible, where “ä, ï, ü” is written. The use of the digraphs ćh and śh was agreed in 2014 for the retroflexed sounds [ĉ] and [] . Serafín Coronel Molina and Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino give the retroflex sound [ĉ] with “tr” in their publications, but this leads to inaccuracies in Spanish loanwords (e.g. trabajay ). Where there is / q / in other Quechua variants, i.e. the voiceless glottal plosive of Waylla-Wanka and [h] of Shawsha-Wanka, Cerrón and Coronel also write “q” (e.g. luqyay instead of luuyay or SIL lüyay "make noise") so that the texts are easier for other Quechua speakers to read. In more recent publications by the Peruvian Ministry of Education, the sounds described here are marked with ĉ and ŝ vs. ch and sh playing, the voiceless glottal plosive other hand, as with Cerrón and Coronel and the 2014 rules adopted with q . In others the digraphs ćh and śh are already used.

grammar

The Wanka shares the typical endings with the other Waywash dialects such as the ending vowel extension for the 1st person in the verb and in the possessive ending , -l- (<* r ) for the gerund, -ĉuu ( -ĉaw ) for "in, auf, an ”, -pita for“ von, aus ”and -ma- for“ me, me ”. The plural forms of the verb are formed with -paaku- like the Quechua variants of Huánuco (e.g. Huallaga , but in contrast to Ancash Quechua ) . The addition of kaq (“being”) to a noun fulfills the function of a specific article.

vocabulary

Wanka-Quechua shares a large part of the vocabulary with other Waywash variants, e.g. B. yalquy "coming out", aqcha "hair", ashiy "looking for". Certain words in Waylla-Wanka, however, correspond to Southern Quechua , the most common tawa being “four” and liy “going”, which in Shawsha-Wanka are called ĉusku or ayway , as in the rest of Waywash . Among the words that occur only in Waylla-Wanka (including Waycha-Wanka), the personal pronoun yaqa ( ya'a ) "I" stands out, which in all other Quechua variants means ñuqa (in Shawsha-Wanka ñuha ), so that Such foreign Quechua speakers are also called ñuka (plural ñukakuna ) by the Waylla-Wanka .

Comparative studies by Alfredo Torero , as well as by Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino and Serafín Coronel Molina , who both speak Wanka Quechua as their mother tongue, show that Quechua was already the language of the Wankas before it was spoken by the Incas in Cuzco . Mario Vargas Llosa is wrong when he claims in his novel Death in the Andes that the Incas forced their language on the Wanka. However, they have left traces in the language in the form of loanwords, e.g. B. kari (man) or irki (weak child), where q and r appear as k and r (instead of l ). Wanka-Quechua belongs to Quechua I (after Torero), while the Incas used a variant of Quechua II (such as today's dialects of Ayacucho and Cuzco). These main branches of Quechua already had the quality of different languages ​​in the Inca period, as can be seen from the very different Quechua dictionaries by Domingo de Santo Tomás and Diego González Holguín from the 16th and 17th centuries.

documentation

The linguistic differences within the language family known today as Quechua were known to the scholars of the Catholic Church since the beginning of the colonial period, and the Doctrina Christiana 1584 already speaks of “barbarism” in the central Peruvian dialects of the Lengua quichua . Juan de Figueredo first published a more detailed description of Quechua I (Waywash) or Lengua Chinchaysuyo in 1754 , without, however, going into the peculiarities of the dialects spoken in the Huanca region compared to other Waywash varieties. The Waywash dialects were stigmatized compared to the Quechua of the Lima region or later the Cusco-Quechua , so that there is hardly any colonial literature in these variants. A first special consideration is the Wanka Quechua next to the Ancash Quechua and the southern variants Cusco Quechua and Ayacucho Quechua as well as the Aymara in a "polyglot Inca vocabulary" for Catholic priests in 1905. José María Arguedas published some of 1953 He collected stories about the Condenado or Asiaj (Wanka-Quechua asyaq , "stinking"), which he had recorded in the Mantaro Valley in the Junín department, but in Spanish. For the first time in 1973, Jorge Chacón Sihuay published a series of collected accounts of the oral tradition for academic use in phonetic transcription. It was Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino who, on behalf of the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, was the first to develop his own dictionary and grammar for Wanka Quechua (both published in 1976). To this day, however, the production of Wanka texts is very sparse compared to southern Quechua, but also to Ancash Quechua. This goes hand in hand with the decline of the language in the second half of the 20th century. However, in 2006 Santiago Vásquez de la Cruz published a new Wanka-Spanish dictionary.

Sociolinguistic situation

In the course of the second half of the 20th century , the Wanka Quechua was ousted by Spanish as a result of the state policy of Hispanization (Castellanización) (e.g. ban on speaking in schools), especially in the Mantaro Valley , and only persists in mountainous areas Everyday language. For the Shawsha-Wanka, Wroughton stated in 1996 that he had only heard the language from the mouths of younger people in one village. Studies from 2014 in Cochangara, Ahuac, Chupaca province also show for Waylla-Wanka that parents no longer pass it on to children due to the social stigmatization of language.

In 2006, a translation of the New Testament into Waylla-Wanka was published by the Wycliff Bible translators in a Spanish-based spelling. This is practically the only book available in Wanka Quechua. The evangelical Misión Huanca , who wants to spread the gospel in the Wanka language, gives a testimony of the linguistic situation itself. In 2014, Christians came from the mission to the village of Achin and began reading the Bible in Vanka in front of children in the village, but found that none of the children spoke Wanka and only a few understood it. Some children said their parents spoke perfect Quechua, but only with other adults and never with the children.

Shawsha-Wanka and Waycha-Wanka are no longer spoken by children and only a few older adults speak, Waylla-Wanka mainly by adults and only by a few children. School instruction in this language has never existed until recently, but due to the language law drafted by María Sumire (Ley 29735) , according to the Ministry of Education, intercultural bilingual education (IZE, Spanish EIB) has recently been in place in individual schools . with Waylla-Wanka. However, almost everywhere, classes are still only held in Spanish. In the traditional language area (provinces of Huancayo, Chupaca, Concepción and Jauja), IZE is planned at 92 pre-school facilities, 144 primary and 122 secondary schools. In some schools the acquisition of Wanka Quechua is also planned as a second language. In 2013, Wanka Quechua was used as the first language at 217 schools - including 119 in the province of Huancayo, 4 in Chupaca and 23 in the district of Ulcumayo - and at 79 schools - including 40 in Chupaca, 33 in Concepción and 6 in Jauja - throughout the Departamento Junín Second language of the pupils, while at 67 schools in the north and east of Junín other Quechua variants ( Yaru / Tarma , Chanka ) serve as the first language of the pupils.

The number of speakers at Ethnologue was given as 300,000 up to the 14th edition, but now only 250,000 people. Sources based on 1993 census data only speak of 75,000 speakers. In censuses, however, the numbers for languages ​​with low prestige are usually too low.

literature

  • Jorge Chacón Sihuay (ed.): Quechua wanka: Pescuezo de gallo (cuento). El condenado (relato). La orquesta del condenado (relato). El gato jergón (cuento). El Juan Burro (fábula). Piculín (cuento). El zorro y la wuachwa (cuento). El ratón y el acaclluy (fábula). Arriero (relato). Mi enamorada (diálogo). La muerte de mi hijo (relato). El hombre que buscaba viveres (cuento). Los tres hermanos (cuento). Transcripción fonética, fonémica y grafémica de textos . Documento de trabajo no. 22, 23. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Centro de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada. Lima 1973.
  • Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino: Diccionario Quechua de Junín-Huanca [- Castellano and vice versa]. Ministerio de educación del Perú, Lima 1976 (Spanish).
  • Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino: Lengua y sociedad en el Valle del Mantaro . Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima 1989 (Spanish).
  • Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino: Lengua y sociedad en el Valle del Mantaro. Primera parte: Quechua fronterizo . (PDF) In: Amerindia , No. 12, 1987.
  • Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino: Vocabulario políglota incaico. Quechua, aimara, castellano. Edición revisada y estandardizada . Ministerio de Educación, Peru, Lima [1905] 1998. Autores: Edith Pineda Bernuy (Cuzco), Haydée Rosales Alvarado (Ayacucho), Serafín M. Coronel-Molina (Junín), Víctor Reyes Padilla (Ancash), Felipe Huayhua Pari (Puno : Aymara). 574 pages. New edition of:
    • Vocabulario políglota incaico, comprende más de 12,000 voces castellanas y 100,000 de keshua del Cuzco, Ayacucho, Junín, Ancash y Aymará . Tipología del Colegio de propaganda fide del Perú, Lima 1905.
  • Serafín M. Coronel Molina: Piruw malka kichwapiq hatun qillqa lulay . (PDF) In: Amerindia , No. 24, 1999 (Wanka-language scientific article on corpus planning).
  • John Wroughton: Gramática y textos del quechua shausha huanca . (PDF) In: Series Lingüística Peruana , 30. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ( SIL International ), Lima 2008 (1st edition 1996).
  • Santiago Vásquez de la Cruz: Diccionario quechua de la Nación Wanka, variant Hatun Xauxa (Shausha shimi) . Jauja (Perú) 2006 (Spanish). 149 pp.
  • Yhon Deni León Chinchilla: Situación social y jurídica del quechua wanka en el valle del Mantaro. A propósito del proceso de extinción y desprestigio del Quechua Wanka . Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Escuela de Post Grado. 2015.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.): Quechua, Huaylla Wanca: a language of Peru. Ethnologue : Languages ​​of the World . Seventeenth edition. SIL International, Dallas TX 2014.
  2. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.): Quechua, Jauja Wanca: a language of Peru. Ethnologue : Languages ​​of the World . Seventeenth edition. SIL International, Dallas TX 2014.
  3. a b Acta de acuerdos del evento nacional para la implementación de la escritura de la lengua quechua en el marco de RM No. 1218-85-ED. ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Cieneguilla, (Lima) 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.digeibir.gob.pe
  4. Yaĉay Wiñaywan. Aprender y Crecer. ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ministerio de Educación, Lima 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / alfa.minedu.gob.pe
  5. Yachay Wiñaywan. Aprender y Crecer. Lecturas de reforzamiento en Quechua Wanka. ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ministerio de Educación, Lima 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / alfa.minedu.gob.pe
  6. Mario Vargas Llosa: Lituma en los Andes . (PDF; 825 kB; Spanish), p. 83.
  7. Juan de Figueredo: Lengua Chinchaysuyo , in: Diego de Torres Rubio: Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua quichua . Imprenta de la plazuela de San Christoval, Lima 1754.
  8. ^ Alfredo Torero: Acerca de la lengua chinchaysuyo . In: César Itier (ed.): Del Siglo de Oro al Siglo de las Luces. Lenguaje y Sociedad en los Andes del siglo XVIII . Estudios y Debates Regionales Andinos, 89. Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas, Cusco 1995. pp. 13-31.
  9. Vocabulario políglota incaico, comprende más de 12,000 voces castellanas y 100,000 de keshua del Cuzco, Ayacucho, Junín, Ancash y Aymará . Tipología del Colegio de propaganda fide del Perú, Lima 1905.
  10. José María Arguedas: Cuentos mágico realistas y canciones de fiesta tradicional del valle del Mantaro, Provincias de Jauja y Concepción - Archivo del Instituto de Estudios Etnológicos . In: Folklore Americano, Year 1, No. 1, Lima 1953, p. 169. En la creencia del vulgo los condenados son almas pecadoras que juzgadas por Dios, han sido sentenciadas a vivir en las Cordilleras. Son espíritus que salen a la hora del crepúcsculo o en ciertas horas de la noche y andan por los alrededores de la cordillera infundiendo susto a los caminantes .
  11. Elena Ortega de Orellana: El Asiaj , in: José María Arguedas : Cuentos mágico realistas y canciones de fiesta tradicional del valle del Mantaro, Provincias de Jauja y Concepción - Archivo del Instituto de Estudios Etnológicos . In: Folklore Americano, Year 1, No. 1, Lima 1953, p. 131.
  12. Jorge Chacón Sihuay (ed.): Quechua wanka: Pescuezo de gallo (cuento). El condenado (relato). La orquesta del condenado (relato). El gato jergón (cuento). El Juan Burro (fábula). Piculín (cuento). El zorro y la wuachwa (cuento). El ratón y el acaclluy (fábula). Arriero (relato). Mi enamorada (diálogo). La muerte de mi hijo (relato). El hombre que buscaba viveres (cuento). Los tres hermanos (cuento). Transcripción fonética, fonémica y grafémica de textos. Documento de trabajo no. 22, 23. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Centro de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada. Lima 1973.
  13. Yalpatrakuy (Testimonio). In: Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino: Lengua y sociedad en el Valle del Mantaro . Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima 1989.
  14. Oscar Orihuela Millán & Yhon Deni León Chinchilla: Proceso de extinción y desprestigio del quechua-wanka. El caso del Centro Poblado de Cochangara, Ahuac-Chupaca . XV diálogo de estudiantes de lingüística, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Lima 2014.
  15. ^ Testimonies. (PDF) Misión Huanca Amwan; accessed on February 14, 2015
  16. Junín (2014). ( Memento of February 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural, pp. 129, 134.
  17. Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú (PDF) Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural. Junín, 2013, p. 357 ff.
  18. Quechua, Wanca, Huaylla: a language of Peru ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Barbara F. Grimes (ed.): Ethnologue : Languages ​​of the World, Fourteenth edition. SIL International, Dallas TX 2000. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / archive.ethnologue.com