Yaru Quechua
| Yaru Quechua (Yaru Runashimi) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Peru | |
| speaker | 150,000 | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in | Peru (regional) | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
qu |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
que |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
qvn (Tarma / Nord-Junín), qva (Ambo-Pasco), qur (Chaupihuaranga-Yanahuanca), qxt (Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco), que (macro language) |
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Yaru-Quechua ( Quechua : Yaru Runashimi ) is a group of varieties of the Quechua language family , which are found in the Peruvian departments of Pasco , in the north of the department of Junín ( province of Tarma ) and in individual places in the north of the department of Lima (Paccho in the province of Huaura ) can be spoken.
Features and classification
The varieties of Quechua that belong to Yaru-Quechua are counted as Quechua I ( Waywash ), because they have its typical characteristics, such as the vowel lengthening for the 1st person, -ma for "me" (1st person in the transition in the verb ), -chaw and -pita for in and out / from u. a. You have not participated in the phonetic changes in Wanka Quechua or Ancash Quechua . The plural in the verb is expressed with -paaku as in Wanka and Huánuco-Quechua .
The dialect group was proposed by Alfredo Torero as early as 1974 , but not included in the Quechua varieties officially recognized under Juan Velasco Alvarado (grammars and dictionaries 1976). Willem Adelaar published a grammar of the Quechua of Tarma with dictionaries and texts as the result of his dissertation in 1977. In the course of the implementation of the language law drafted by María Sumire and passed in 2011 (Ley 29735) , Yaru-Quechua is now also a recognized variety.
The two main varieties are the Tarma-Quechua (qvn) in North Junín and the Ambo-Pasco (qva, Pasco region). In the Ethnologue , the dialects of Chaupihuaranga-Yanahuanca (qur) and Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco (qxt) are also listed as Quechua languages.
Sociolinguistic situation
The Yaru-Quechua is threatened in its entire language area because it is only rarely passed on to children. There was never any school instruction in Yaru-Quechua until the beginning of the 2010s, but due to the language law (Ley 29735), some schools for intercultural bilingual education (IZE, Spanish EIB) have also been set up in the departments of Pasco and Junín after 2011 even though most schools still only teach Spanish. In the Pasco department, 228 schools are intended to teach Yaru-Quechua as a second language for students, but none for Yaru as the first language, as hardly any child in Pasco learns Quechua before Spanish. In Junín there are 38 schools in the provinces of Tarma and Satipo, where Yaru-Quechua is used as the first language of the students.
literature
- Víctor Domínguez Condezo (2006): Particularidades fonéticas del quechua Yaru-Huánuco . Investigaciones sociales X, N ° 17, pp. 475-490. Lima, 2006.
- Willem FH Adelaar (1977): Tarma Quechua, Grammar, Texts, Dictionary . The Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse.
- Willem FH Adelaar, Pieter Muysken (2006): The languages of the Andes . Pp. 184f., 198f.
- Alfredo Torero (1974): El quechua y la historia social andina . Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 1974. 240 pages.
- Adolfo Vienrich (Comp.): Tarmapap Pachahuarainin: Apólogos Quéchuas por unos parias . Tip. "La Aurora de Tarma", Tarma 1906. 65 pages.
- Review by Max Uhle , Revista Histórica I, trimestre II, p. 393f. Lima 1906.
Web links
- Tayta Diospa Guepacag Testamentun (El Nuevo Testamento de nuestro Señor Jesucristo en el idioma quechua del norte de Junín y del sur de Pasco). New Testament (Tarma / North Junín-Quechua). La Liga Bíblica, 1997/2008 ( Bible.is ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Relación de variantes del quechua, Junín, Pasco , 2013, p. 84, p. 357ff., P. 493f.