Ancash Quechua

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Quechua Ancashino (Ankash Nunashimi)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 1,000,000
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2 ( B ) que ( T ) que
ISO 639-3

que (macro language), qwh (Huaylas), qxn (South Conchucos), qxo (North Conchucos), qwa (Corongo), qws (Sihuas), qvh (Huamalíes - Norte de Dos de Mayo)

The Ancash Quechua (Ankash Nunashimi, officially Anqash qichwa) or Quechua Ancashino is a variety of the central branch of the Quechua language family , which in the Peruvian Departamento Ancash (except the coast and the northern part) and parts of the department Huánuco is spoken.

Documentation and literature in Ancash Quechua

The linguistic differences between the Quechua variants of central Peru and southern Peru were known in the Catholic Church since the beginning of the colonial period; In the Doctrina Christiana 1584 there is already talk of “barbarism” in the dialects of the Lengua quichua in central Peru. Juan de Figueredo published a description of Quechua I ( Waywash ), called Lengua Chinchaysuyo , in 1754 , but does not go into the peculiarities of the dialects now known as Ancash-Quechua compared to other Waywash varieties. The Lengua Chinchaysuyo was stigmatized against the Quechua of Cusco , so that no colonial literature is known in Ancash-Quechua. In addition to the Wanka-Quechua and the southern variants Cusco-Quechua and Ayacucho-Quechua as well as the Aymara , the Ancash-Quechua was taken into account for the first time in a "polyglot Inca vocabulary" for Catholic priests in 1905. In 1947 a translation of the Gospel of John was published with the support of North American missionaries .

The Peruvian archaeologist M. Toribio Mejía Xesspe published stories in Ancash-Quechua for the first time in 1954 from the oral Quechua tradition of Ancash ( Pomabamba near Chavín de Huantar and the upper reaches of the Río Marañón ) about the myth of the child-eating witch Achkay . In 1973 Alejandro Ortiz Rescaniere published the myth of Adam-Eve (Adaneva) from the Hacienda Vicos in Callejón de Huaylas in Quechua and Spanish, and in 1974 Quechua stories from the area of Huaraz located there appeared . On behalf of the government of Juan Velasco Alvarado , Alberto Escobar developed a grammar and Gary Parker a Quechua-Spanish dictionary (both published in 1976) in Quechua Áncash-Huailas . Today, Ancash Quechua is the only variant of Waywash Quechua in which noteworthy literature has appeared, including by Macedonio Villafán Broncano ( Apu Kolkijirka , story in 7 chapters, published 1997) and by Elmer Neyra Valverde (volumes of poetry Rumi shanka , 1996 and Qanchisqocha , 2011).

The Protestant Wycliffe translators have the New Testament so far in three Quechua variants of the department of Ancash translated : Northern Conchucos (2002), Southern Conchucos (2002) and Huaylas (2007), also in the Quechua of Huamalíes (2003), the is spoken in the Departamento Huánuco, but structurally also belongs to Ancash Quechua. Separate orthographies based on Spanish were used for these translations, which differ from the official orthography of Anqash Qichwa as used by the Peruvian Ministry of Education. The New World translation of the New Testament into Ancash Quechua published in 2016 by the Jehovah's Witnesses and the language versions of their website in Ancash Quechua are based more closely on the spelling of the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cusco .

Sociolinguistic situation

Ancash Quechua is the only variety of the central branch of Quechua (Quechua I after Alfredo Torero or Waywash ) that still has a largely closed language area. The number of speakers is between 700,000 and one million. However, the vitality of the language differs significantly from region to region. According to the Ethnologue of SIL International , in the north and south of Callejón de Conchucos, all generations, including children, speak the Quechua language in most places. In the Callejón de Huaylas , the language is spoken by all generations in higher-lying villages, while it is only passed on to children in a few cases in lower-lying areas or in larger cities. In the Bolognesi province around the city of Chiquián , only a few children speak Quechua, in Sihuas and Corongo mostly only the oldest generation.

As for the southern Quechua varieties Chanka and Qusqu-Qullaw , the Peruvian Ministry of Education had materials for intercultural bilingual education (IZE) developed for Ancash-Quechua in the 2000s, which was started in a number of schools in Ancash. As of 2013, IZE is planned at 2122 schools in the department of Ancash, of which 1947 schools with Quechua as the first language and 175 as the second language, namely 2119 schools with Anqash qichwa and one each with Wanka - Yaru qichwa [sic], Wanuku qichwa and Kashamarka qichwa . According to Leonel Menacho López, who made a significant contribution to these materials, in 2014 there were still no teachers in many places who could speak Quechua and have a real interest in IZE, which is why the students only have their rights in a limited number of places get lessons in their mother tongue. In some places - for example in some schools in Conchucos - teachers even punished the students for using their mother tongue. Menacho points out that Quechua children in such purely Spanish-speaking schools often fall ill and ultimately no longer attend school, in contrast to bilingual schools such as in Chamanayuq near Huaraz , where the students liked to go to school.

classification

Although Quechua Ancashino is much more divided into different dialects than Southern Quechua , a written language standard has now been created that is also used by the state in schools, for example in the school dictionary Yachakuqkunapa Shimi Qullqa and the associated school books published by Leonel Menacho López .

Although Ancash Quechua is related to Wanka Quechua (both belong to Quechua I), the phonological and sometimes grammatical differences are so great that no common written language has been developed.

Phonological peculiarities

A characteristic of the ancashino is the shift from the original [ tʃ ] (č) to [ts] (written “ts”), while the original [ĉ] has only survived in the province of Corongo (approx. 6000 speakers) and otherwise to [ tʃ ] (č) has become (written “ch”). As a special feature of various dialects of Ancashino (e.g. in the Callejón de Huaylas with the city of Huaraz ), ay has become long e, aw has become long o and uy has become long i, while the original diphthongs have been preserved in other dialects . Likewise, in most dialects, s becomes h or is completely dropped (depending on the dialect only in the initial sound or also in general). Ay, aw and uy are written in the written standard, which serves as a compensatory variant, which considerably increases the readability for other Quechua speakers. The [s] shifted after [h] is shown as h.

morphology

Morphologically , ancashino is characterized by the plural formation in the verb with the infix -ya- ( rikan "he sees" - rikayan "she see").

literature

  • Alberto Escobar (1976): Gramática Quechua Áncash-Huailas. Ministerio de educación del Perú, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
  • Gary J. Parker (1976): Diccionario quechua Ancash-Huailas - Castellano y vice versa. Ministerio de educación del Perú.
  • Francisco Carranza Romero (2003): Diccionario Quechua Ancashino - Castellano. Edición y prólogo de Wolf Funny. Frankfurt / Madrid: Iberoamericana.
  • Daniel John Hintz (2000): Characteristics distintivas del quechua de Corongo.

Web links

Test Wikipedia on Ancash Quechua

Official teaching materials

  • Shumaq kaway - Llapantsik yachakushun (reading, writing). Volume 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 .
  • Yupana - Llapantsik yachakushun (arithmetic). Volume 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Relación de variantes del quechua, Apurimac, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Junín , 2013. pp. 84, 140, 186 , 199f.
  2. ↑ Juan de Figueredo: Lengua Chinchaysuyo , in: Diego de Torres Rubio: Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua quichua . Imprenta de la plazuela de San Christoval, Lima 1754.
  3. ^ Alfredo Torero: Acerca de la lengua chinchaysuyo . In: César Itier (ed.): Del Siglo de Oro al Siglo de las Luces. Lenguaje y Sociedad en los Andes del siglo XVIII . Estudios y Debates Regionales Andinos, 89. Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas, Cusco 1995. pp. 13-31.
  4. ↑ Vocabulario políglota incaico, comprende más de 12,000 voces castellanas y 100,000 de keshua del Cuzco, Ayacucho, Junín, Ancash y Aymará . Tipología del Colegio de propaganda fide del Perú, Lima 1905.
  5. ↑ M. Toribio Mejía Xesspe (1954): Lingüística del Norte Andino . Letras 50-53, pp. 204-229. Lima 1954.
  6. ↑ Alejandro Ortiz Rescaniere (ed.): De Adaneva a Inkarri - una visión indígena del Perú . Retablo de Papel, Lima 1973.
  7. ↑ Santiago Pantoja Ramos, José Ripkens & Germán Swisshelm (eds.): Cuentos y relatos en el quechua de Huaraz. Tomos 1-2 . Priorato de San Benito. Huaraz 1974.
  8. ↑ Mushoq Patsachö Kawaqkunapaq Diospa Palabran (Mateu-Revelacion). Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Wallkill (USA), Associação Torre de Vigia de Bíblias e Tratados, Cesário Lange, São Paulo (Brasil) 2016.
  9. ↑ Jehoväpa testïgunkuna (Jehovah's Witnesses, language version in Ancash-Quechua; for other language versions see language selection there)
  10. ↑ Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  11. ↑ Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  12. ↑ Quechua, Huaylas Ancash: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  13. ↑ Quechua, Chiquián: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  14. ↑ Quechua, Sihuas Ancash: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  15. ↑ Quechua, Sihuas Ancash: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  16. ↑ Educación Intercultural Bilingüe en Áncash - Una Entrevista con Leonel Menacho. Por Doris Loayza (DL), Mitch Teplitsky (MT) y Carlo Brescia (CB) . Vasos comunicantes, January 19, 2014.