Chiquián
| Chiquián | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Coordinates | 10 ° 9 ′ S , 77 ° 9 ′ W | ||
| Basic data | |||
| Country | Peru | ||
| Ancash | |||
| province | Bolognesi | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | PE-ANC | ||
| District | Chiquián | ||
| height | 3374 m | ||
| Residents | 3514 (2017) | ||
| founding | October 22, 1903 | ||
 Chiquián
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Chiquián (pronounced: " Tschi-kjan ") is the capital of the Peruvian province of Bolognesi in the Ancash region , which includes the coast, Sierra, Altiplano and Cejas de los Andes of central Peru. Chiquián was founded on October 22, 1903.
location
Chiquián is at an altitude of about 3350 m, although the official figures vary between 3300 and 3400 m. Chiquián is located in the southeastern part of the Ancash department, in the Chavín region . It is about 360 kilometers northeast of Lima, about eight hours' drive over the Panamericana, and 50 kilometers south of the Cordillera Blanca .
It can be reached via the Conococha Pass (4020 m altitude). The Callejón (the high mountain valley) is called Valle de Pativilca ("Valley of the Río Pativilca "), which is bordered in the north by the snow-capped peaks of Yerupajá, El Toro, Jirishanca and El Rondoy. To the south you can see the tucu, the snow cover of which varies greatly.
Closest towns to the north are Huaraz (80 km) and towards the coast of Barranca (approx. 160 km).
language
Twenty years ago the main language was Quechua , more precisely Chiquián Quechua, a strongly varying form of Ancash Quechua . Now Spanish dominates, and Quechua is almost exclusively spoken by the elderly, which is also explained by the influx of white coastal residents who only speak Spanish.
population
According to the 2017 census, the population was 3514. The figures fluctuate between 5,361 and 6,500 inhabitants, with the actual Chiquianos often living in Lima or in the USA and many residents moving from the surrounding towns of the Bolognesi province to their children at secondary school to send. In addition, people come from Huaráz or Lima to work in the state authorities and ministries or in schools. Accordingly, the population structure shows a strong break between the indigenous population, who originate from the surrounding areas, and the Creole Peruvians, who come from the coastal region. The Peruvians of Indian descent mostly work in agriculture, sometimes in trade and handicrafts and possibly as tourist guides. The whites, on the other hand, have the better-paid, light office jobs; they hold higher degrees in the police force or work in the banks.
religion
Here Catholicism still dominates, which is mixed with elements of the old Inca religion. This is reflected in the choice of the Spring Queen, who leads a procession, which the virgins of the sun corresponds to that to -and-night-same day blessed in September in the fields. The procession of Santa Rosa through the village corresponds to the old procession in which the mummies of the caciques were supposed to see the village, the fields and the inhabitants in order to ask the gods for the right things. However, the residents are rarely aware of this.
There is an order of sisters in the village. He leads a poor feeding for children and knits sweaters from alpaca wool.
In recent years, smaller religious communities, most of which come from the USA, such as the Adventists , Jehovah's Witnesses , Baptists , Evangelists , American Lutherans and many others have grown
economy
The main pillar of the regional economy is agriculture (152,387 ha) with dairy farming in extensive pasture farming (120,558 ha), with the white cheese from Chiquián being sold as far as Lima and Huaráz and the main trade product - besides honey and textiles - in Conococha. Beef, sheep and pork are other livestock products and are also traded in Huaráz, Barrancas and Lima. The wool of the sheep and the alpacas and llamas also kept on the high pastures only play a subordinate role; it is mostly used for personal consumption or for the tourist industry of the Huarasinos (Huaráz residents).
The main products of arable farming are various types of corn , potatoes and wheat . Barley , quinoa , alfalfa , onions , various types of beans and basil are grown for personal consumption or for livestock farming. The cultivation of amaranth , olluco , rye and ocas has been almost completely lost in the last 20 years.
In the past, the potatoes were grown in mixed cultivation of different colored potato varieties, e.g. B. with purple, red or pink potato meat grown. This disappears and there is almost only one large yellow hybrid from the USA. The different colored maize varieties that serve different purposes are still preserved. Particularly noteworthy is a white, large-grain variety, the ripe grains of which can be boiled with vegetable ash and water and stored in a dry state and served as a mote for all dishes - boiled again - or used as a soup. There is also a yellow, small-grain variety, probably a variant of sweet corn, which is cooked half-ripe in the flask in salted water and enjoyed with the typical cheese. Also very important is a brownish-striped variety that was roasted and salted as a substitute for bread. This is called the cancha .
The structure of agriculture is based on smallholders with fields that are sometimes only a few square meters up to one hectare in size. These are still done by hand and simple devices, e.g. B. the hoe, processed, often with the help of day laborers for heavy or laborious work is used. In addition, larger fields and the high pastures are worked by the members of the "Comunidad", the community of local farmers. The Comunidad is increasingly making tractors available, but these can only be partially used, as most of the fields and willow areas are too small, have too great a slope on the slope or are not accessible for such large machines.
All fields must be watered in the dry season by diverting streams. The distribution of the water is done by the Junta de Regantes ( Council of Irrigation ) and is strictly regulated. The irrigation canals are built using the same effective technology as they were already in the times of the Incas, i.e. as open canals, often laid out with flat stones, whose inflows are closed by stones and turf. The fields are at different altitudes and thus allow the cultivation of various crops, such as fruit down by the river, wheat at 3,000 m above sea level or pastures and barley above 4,200 m above sea level. The best fields and the large, contiguous areas belong to haciendas , which are principally managed by white families. They are often located on the river of the valley floor or on the gentle slopes. There are around ten families in the area around Chiquián who only produce and use large machines to supply the coast and Limas.
There are still some workshops in the village such as B. cabinet makers, welders and bakers. There are local building trades, transport companies, hotels, restaurants and trade. However, the manual professions are only there for the Chiquianos' own consumption.
The women of Chiquián have been famous for their artful pattern knitting since the times of the German (German-born?) Pastor Fink (from the mid-70s to the mid-80s of the 20th century). The nuns still manufacture sweaters for sale in Europe.
Processing wool and spinning and weaving are dying handicrafts.
tourism
Tourism is developing into a new main factor, mostly in the form of Andean trekking and climbing snow-capped peaks. Many tourists use Chiquián as a transit point or starting point for trips into the Huayhuash or the Cordillera Blanca .
In Chiquián itself there is a waterfall, "Usgor" of about 15 meters, a temporal hot spring and day trips to a ruined city just above the town, mountain pastures with vicunas and Vizcachas and wild guinea pigs , gorges with Tillandsia and Bromeliads overgrown trees. White water rides in the river or free climbing z. B. at Karkas (valley floor) are also possible.
Then Chiquián is a starting point to visit the Tambo called Castillo (castle) of Ticllos, the high valley of Chacha Puntas, Huanoco viejo, a ruined city at least 1,000 years old in the style of Machu Picchu and to Huaráz, or for short trips to traditional places in the area like Llaclla with hot springs in the river, Karkas with mummy fields, Pachapaqui, where the Puya raimondii grow, or Ocros with the best cheese in the region. The ornate church of Aquia is destroyed. Huasta's one is not quite as extravagantly furnished, but it is kept in the same style.
Chiquián is actually only used as a starting point for trekking tours in and around the Huayhuash . With an extension of only about 30 kilometers, the Cordillera Huayhuash is a small mountain group. The highest peak is Yerupaja at 6,634 m. All mountains are known for their difficult ice walls and ragged glaciers; there are also a large number of clean turquoise lakes. Around this mountain group there is a 170-kilometer trekking route with several levels of difficulty.
Typical clothing
The typical clothing was cream-white, broad-brimmed hats woven from finely woven straw with a three-leaved black flower, which the women often pimped up with natural flowers. From the flowers you could tell whether the woman was single, married or widow. Then the women wore plaits, brightly colored skirts with embroidery in the hem and lots of hand-knitted petticoats.
The men use the same hat shape, but adorned with the red cantuta at most, and ¾-long woolen trousers. Both sexes wore earth-brown ponchos made of sheep's wool with vertical stripes in various light brown tones and sandals made of leather, later made of car tires. Today you can only see the hats on the elderly, flowers only on people who have moved from small villages, which can also be recognized by the different shape of the headgear. The traditional colorful skirts, like the braids, are rarely worn by women.
The woolen trousers and the leather sandals have disappeared from the street scene, as have the small bottle gourds on the belt, which were filled with lime to release the intoxicating drug from the coca leaves while chewing.
The poncho has survived , the hats have mostly been replaced by industrially manufactured brown or black felt hats.
architecture
Typically but more and more displaced are one to two-story mud houses with protruding roofs and partly house-wall-long galleries or deep-drawn windows with suggested balconies, the balconies being made of beautifully carved wood. A few small windows broke through the almost meter thick walls. For a long time the houses were whitewashed and built from field stones up to chest height or painted black. The streets were narrow and paved with field stones, in the peripheral areas only made of tamped earth.
Today the streets are asphalted, the houses are often painted in pastel tones and brick construction is becoming the norm. The town hall is built from concrete in the colonial coastal style.
The church was rebuilt by Pastor Fink after the great earthquake of 1972 and replaced the old, traditional clay church with the colorful portal decorated with figures, as can still be seen in Huasta.
climate
The rainy season is from October to March and is characterized by heavy rain showers and fog that can remain in the valley all day.
The rest of the year is dry with mostly sunny days. However, there is a short period of cloud cover and brief rain showers in July / August.
The rainy season can be canceled due to the El Niño effect.
When it rains, temperatures are between 12 and 18 ° C during the day and below 10 ° C to near freezing at night. In the dry season, the daytime temperature rises to 25 ° C and at night it usually stays above 10 ° C. However, morning frosts are always possible with appropriate wind directions.
The temperature contrast between sun and shade is extremely large , especially in the dry season, and can be as much as 20 ° C.
fauna and Flora
Typical today are the eucalyptus and alder trees and bushes, as well as ferns on watercourses . Except in brackets, all trees stand loosely or as solitaires. Originally there was the molle tree, a gnarled, approx. 5 m high tree with narrow leaves, which are more and more only old solitary trees and are being displaced by the rapidly growing eucalyptus.
Otherwise, many shrubs, especially the retama with yellow flowers, are characteristic and lupins in the herb department. And the Inca's favorite flower , the cantuta.
The area is characterized by various agave species , which are also used economically (fibers, wood, heating material) and a large number of cacti . In addition, bromeliads in the lower elevations as well as tillandsias on trees and power lines.
Different herbaceous plants appear seasonally adjusted, mostly in connection with the rain.
Originally there were Ichú plants, a type of grass that grows in hard yellow-green tufts that now only occur from 4000 m.
The unique endemic giant bromeliad Puya raimondii can be found in the immediate vicinity, in Pachapaqui .
The viccacha and the vicuña are almost extinct due to illegal hunting, as is the Andean deer, but can still be observed in the vicinity, such as at the height of Chonta. The condor has not been observed for 10 years. The puma was last seen in the region around 40 years ago.
archeology
There are various archaeological sites throughout the region, but most of them have not been explored and are often recorded. Directly above the city there is the so-called “Old Chiquián” or “Wancar”, a collection of quite well-preserved house ruins, which have been robbed. Other interesting but undeveloped sites, such as a mummy field 'Mina Pata in Karkas, the ruins of Matara or the Tambo in Ticllos, are known to the population.
Pucamachay near Aquia are developed. Pueblo Viejo, which looks like Machu Picchu, in Llamac, Rara Punta in Pacllón and Marcará in the immediate vicinity of Chiquián.
Other places of interest in the immediate vicinity are: Macpon, Puzcanhuaro, Ventana Ruera, Muchqui Rumi, Cochapata, Huamash, Tullpa Japana, Cochapata, Tullpa Japana, San Juan Cruz and Huamash.
history
Historical finds show that the region has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years.
Before Chiquián was founded, there was a loose town with the same name. The South American liberation hero Simón Bolívar came through the place where help was offered to him in preparation for the Battle of Junín in 1824.
The scholar Antonio Raimondi (1826–1890) also lived in Chiquián in the mid-19th century while he explored the area and described new plant species.
A national hero of Peru, Luis Pardo, comes from Chiquián. He was a kind of Peruvian Robin Hood . Relatives who can still remember him still live in the village.
Chiquián received on 4. November 1908 , the city charter .
Due to the political situation at the end of the 80s, many families emigrated to the state or regional capital or to Barranca.
Electricity, radio, television and telephones have been around since the 1990s. Since the end of the 90s, the region has been increasingly destroyed by foreign mining companies. In the new millennium, the internet came to the place.
public holidays
The most important celebration in Chiquián is the patron saint of Santa Rosa, which begins every year on August 28th and lasts eight days. The festival opens with a "capture of the Inca " and his general the "Rumiñawi" (eye of stone), which is intended to re-enact the capture of the Inca Atahualpa by the conquistadors. The outcome is open, the parties are still being cast according to racial affiliation and the fight leads through the streets of the village to the old stadium where the capture of the Inca is to take place. The day culminates in a bullfight.
There are also traditional dances, e.g. B. that of the sun maidens, the Pallas, who accompany the Inca and his general, Rumiñawi, fireworks and the parade of the Spaniards.
In September at the beginning of spring there is the procession of the spring queen with two ladies-in-waiting and a page, where children and young people provide the actors.
In October there is the festival in honor of Francis of Assisi , the patron saint of the local church, with parades and dances of the Inca and his entourage. This festival lasts about three days.
The Feast of Corpus Christi (in Spanish after (the Latin name for "body of the Lord") called Corpus Christi , Spanish "Cuerpo de Cristo") in June is characterized by the "carpets", works of art made of colored sawdust, which are made by various groups on the Main square to be made, worth seeing and by the procession of the Santa Rosa figure. The carpets have only been manufactured since 2001.
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Another celebration is the Easter procession.
to eat and drink
- Pachamanca : First, stones are heated in a fire by building a kind of igloo from the stones and lighting a wood fire inside. If the igloo is hot, the igloo is destroyed and meat, seasoned with the local herbs chinchú and ruda, and potatoes, possibly also oca and olluco, are distributed on the hot stones. The whole thing is covered with a tarpaulin, covered with earth and braised in the heat of the stones. Finally the food is dug up and served.
- Other typical dishes are: Locro de Cuy , Masamorra , Jacralocro , el Caldo de fiesta , chicharrones .
- Chicha : A drink made from ground yellow corn, water and spices with an alcohol content of 2 to 6%, depending on the fermentation time.
- Chicha morada : lemonade made from boiled whole dark purple corn kernels, cinnamon bark and pieces of orange peel.
literature
- Heinrich E. Klier : Sun over Peru ("On a trip to the Cordilleras"). Kremayr & Scheriau publishing house, Vienna 1955.
Individual evidence
- ↑ PERU: Ancash Region: Provinces & Places . www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
