Cusco Quechua

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Cusco Quechua (Qusqu Qhichwa)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 1,500,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (as Qusqu-Qullaw)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

quz, que (macro language)

Cusco-Quechua (also: Cuzco-Quechua; Quechua : Qusqu Runasimi or Qusqu Qhichwa ) is the Quechua variety spoken in the Peruvian department of Cusco including the city of Cusco , which belongs to the Quechua dialect group Qusqu-Qullaw .

Distribution and Status

According to SIL International , Cusco Quechua is spoken by 1.5 million people, including 300,000 to 500,000 monolinguals, in the Cusco region, eastern Apurímac , about half of Puno, and Caylloma Province in the Arequipa region.

Cusco-Quechua within Southern Quechua . According to Ethnologue (SIL), East Apurímac Quechua and La Unión Quechua are separate “languages”, but in linguistic research they are mostly referred to as Cusco Quechua (Adelaar, Muysken) and this in turn the “ Southern Quechua language ” ( Cerrón Palomino, Coronel Molina).

In many circles, Cusco Quechua enjoys the highest esteem among all Quechua variants, which can be traced back to the history of the city of Cusco as the Inca capital. The Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua (AMLQ) in Cusco propagates this dialect as the written language standard, whereby, following the Spanish model, the five vowels a, e, i, o, u are to be used (e.g. Qosqo Qheswa ) . However, the Peruvian Ministry of Education uses only the three vowels a, i, u as the official standard for the Qusqu-Qullaw (Cuzco-Collao), which also includes the Cusco-Quechua, as Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino did for that Provides southern Quechua . Serafín Coronel Molina, whose mother tongue is Wanka Quechua , introduces Cusco Quechua in his phrase book ( Quechua Phrasebook , 2002) from Lonely Planet and uses the three vowels a, i, u.

Sociolinguistic situation and use in education

Cusco-Quechua is considered to be one of the most vital variants of Quechua. Nevertheless, in the 2017 census, only a little more than half of the population in the department of Cusco-Quechua gave it as their first language. While in the village communities ( Ayllus , Comunidades campesinas) all generations speak Quechua and here the language is classified as vital, in most of the district capitals of the Cusco region it is considered threatened because many children no longer learn it. The situation is seen even more seriously in the provincial capitals and especially in the city of Cusco, where even fewer children are learning it. The proportion of schools with intercultural bilingual education is much lower in Cusco than in Ayacucho and Apurímac at a little more than 50%. With the implementation of the Language Law (Ley 29735) in 2013, 2,311 schools in the Department of Cusco use Quechua as their first and 421 as a second language, which is the highest number in Peru in absolute terms. In the city of Cusco the supply of IZE is rather low (province of Cusco: 65 schools, all with Quechua as their first language, of which only 6 in the district of Cusco). While the 5-vowel spelling system propagated by the AMLQ was still widely used on an experimental basis in Cusco (RD Nº 155-2007), the 3-vowel system of the Qusqu-Qullaw has been prescribed since 2013 (RD Nº 282-2013- ED as confirmation of RM Nº 1218-1985-ED).

literature

The Quechua of Cuzco, the former center of the Inca empire, gained in prestige in the course of the colonial period compared to the Lengua general that was initially used , which was more like the Chanka Quechua and also resembled the Chinchay Quechua. A considerable part of the later Quechua literature of the colonial period is written in the classic Cusco Quechua, which, however, did not yet show fricative plosives and, like other Quechua variants, differentiated between two s-sounds. Examples include the epic drama Apu Ollantay or the dramatic adaptation of the prodigal son (Lk 15: 11-32, Chinkasqa churi ) by Juan de Espinosa Medrano (died 1688). The classical spelling of Cusco-Quechua was retained even after the independence of Peru, for example in a Quechua translation of the Gospel of John by Pastor Joseph Henry Gibbon-Spilsbury in 1880 . Clorinda Matto (1852-1909) made a break with the modern, popular Cusco-Quechua with her translation of the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles and the Letter to the Romans, published between 1901 and 1904. A number of plays have appeared in Cusco-Quechua, such as by Nicanor Jara ( Sumaq T'ika , “Beautiful Flower”, 1899), Nemesio Zúñiga Cazorla ( Quri Ch'uspi , “Golden Fly”, 1915 and T'ika hina , “How a flower ”, 1920) and Artemio Huillca Galindo ( Puka Walicha ,“ The red Valeriana ”, 1950). In 1944 Faustino Espinoza Navarro revived the Inti Raymi in Cusco with a dramatic arrangement in Quechua , which has been performed annually since then. A number of Quechua-savvy mestizos who, like Faustino Espinoza Navarro , cultivated a “ pure ” Quechua in their poetry and dramas, came together in 1954 to found the Academia de la Lengua Quechua . Since then, a number of puristic texts in Cusco-Quechua have been produced from these ranks, but without reaching broader sections of the population. A certain linguistic contrast to this is formed on the one hand by the now quite numerous publications of collected narratives of the oral Quechua tradition, on the other hand, for example, the poems by Ch'aska Anka Ninawaman (* 1973) from Yauri ( Espinar province , e.g. poetry book Ch ' askaschay 2004), which draws on a popular Cusco Quechua - also with all its Hispanicisms. In order to be comprehensible to broad sections of the population, the Bible translation into Cusco Quechua, which was published in 1988 and carried out jointly by Protestants and Catholics, refrains from linguistic purism, while the spelling with its five vowels is still based on the Academia . The latter also applies to the 2015 New World Translation of the New Testament into Cusco Quechua by Jehovah's Witnesses and the language versions of their website in Cusco Quechua.

In 1975, under Juan Velasco Alvarado , Cusco-Quechua was recognized as part of the Qusqu-Qullaw variety (Cusco-Collao). Since the implementation of the language law after 2011, it has been called Qullaw qichwa (Quechua collao).

Characteristics

The Cusco-Quechua forms within the regional variant Qusqu-Qullaw in the dialect continuum a transition between the Chanka-Quechua and the Collao-Quechua or Quechua in Bolivia .

In terms of vocabulary, Cusco-Quechua is closest to Chanka-Quechua, with which it has 96% lexical similarity, according to Ethnologue, while the variants of Puno and Bolivia have borrowed more words and structures from Aymara and Spanish (e.g. the Diminutive suffix -ita, -itu, -sita, -situ instead of -cha : cf. “Steinchen”: rumisitu in Bolivia vs. rumicha in Cusco and Ayacucho). Like all Qusqu-Qullaw dialects, but unlike Chanka-Quechua, Cusco-Quechua has subordinate conjunctions , e.g. B. imaraykuchus (because) and sichus (if, if), also relative pronouns, e.g. B. pitachus (wen, den) or imachus (what, that). However, these subordinators are by far the most common in the Bolivian dialects.

Cusco-Quechua has some peculiarities in vocabulary that set it apart from its sister mouth types (e.g. unu instead of yaku for "water" or ukuku instead of ukumari for "bear") and a few in grammar (e.g. the ending - rqan instead of -rqa for the 3rd person of the simple past).

Variants in eastern Apurímac and Arequipa (La Unión)

According to Ethnologue , East Apurímac-Quechua and La-Unión-Quechua are separate "languages" and therefore have their own ISO codes 639-3 , as these, like the Ethnologue , are managed by SIL International . In linguistic research, however, this is largely seen differently. Willem Adelaar and Pieter Muysken do not list these two variants, but assign their language area to the language area of ​​Cusco-Quechua. Serafín Coronel Molina, like Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino, summarizes the Cusco-Quechua with the Chanka-Quechua and the Puno-Quechua to form the "South Peruvian Quechua language", while according to Alfredo Torero the South Peruvian and Bolivian Quechua variants - i.e. all of the Qusqu- Dialects belonging to Qullaw and Chanka-Quechua - form a "supralect" or a "language" of Southern Quechua .

After all, the differences between the dialects of Cusco, East Apurimac and Arequipa-La Unión are so great that some Protestant churches consider their own Bible translations necessary for reasons of clarity , which is why the Wycliff translators in 2013 created their own translation of the New Testament for East Apurimac and are working on the translation of the Old Testament. In 1993 the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles were translated into the Quechua of La Unión (Arequipa).

literature

  • Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua (AMLQ): Diccionario Quechua-Español-Quechua / Qheswa-Español-Qheswa Simi Taqe. Cusco: AMLQ / Municipalidad del Qosqo, 1995.
  • Serafín M. Coronel-Molina: Quechua Phrasebook . 2nd edition. Lonely Planet, Footscray 2002, ISBN 1-86450-381-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: quz (Quechua, Cusco - A language of Peru)
  2. ^ Nancy Hornberger & Kendall King (1998): Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning . Language, Culture and Curriculum 11 (3), pp. 390-410.
  3. ↑ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer. Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa Simipi ( Memento of the original from August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Quechua-Quechua-Spanish dictionary). Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 2005. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / portal.perueduca.edu.pe
  4. ↑ Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino: Quechua sureño, diccionario unificado quechua-castellano, castellano-quechua [Southern Quechua, unified dictionary Quechua-Spanish, Spanish-Quechua]. Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima 1994.
  5. ↑ Serafin M Coronel-Molina: About Me ( Memento of the original from October 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Indiana University (online). Retrieved October 27, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / portal.education.indiana.edu
  6. ↑ Coronel-Molina 2002, p. 10f.
  7. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica: 2017 Census. Accessed January 8, 2019 (Spanish).
  8. ↑ a b Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Relación de variantes del quechua, Cusco , 2013. P. 311ff.
  9. ↑ Lima recibe a expertos en taller macro regional de la lengua quechua ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.educacioninterculturalbilingueperu.org archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . educacioninterculturalbilingueperu.org, June 2, 2014.
  10. ↑ Diospa Simin Qelqa. Hebreo, arameo, griego mama qelqamanta Cuzco Quechuaman t'ikrasqa . Ed .: William Mitchell. Sociedad Bíblica Peruana, Lima 1988. 2nd edition: Diospa Simin Qelqa. Hebreo, Arameo, Griego rimaymanta Perú suyuq uray hap'iyninpi qheswa simiman t'ikrasqa . Ed .: William Mitchell, Aurelio Flores, Ricardo Cahuana, Jorge Arce. Sociedad Bíblica Peruana, Lima 2004 ( Bible.is ).
  11. ↑ Mosoq Pachaq Biblian (Diospa Palabran Mateo Apocalipsis). Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Brooklyn (USA), Associação Torre de Vigia de Bíblias e Tratados, Cesário Lange, São Paulo (Brasil) 2015.
  12. ↑ Jehová Diospa testigonkuna (Jehovah's Witnesses, language version in Cusco-Quechua; for other language versions see language selection there)
  13. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: quy (Quechua, Ayacucho)
  14. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: qxp (Quechua, Puno)
  15. ↑ See Google search for "imaraykuchus" on the website bible.is , which includes Bible translations into Quechua from Cusco, North and South Bolivia, as well as Chanka (Ayacucho), but there are no hits.
  16. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: qve (Quechua, Eastern Apurímac)
  17. ↑ Ethnologue report for language code: qxu (Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión)
  18. ^ Willem FH Adelaar, Pieter C. Muysken: The Languages ​​of the Andes . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
  19. ^ Serafin M. Coronel-Molina (1996): Corpus Planning for the Southern Peruvian Quechua Language . Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 12 (2), pp. 1-27.
  20. ^ Alfredo A. Torero Fernández de Córdova: Idiomas de los Andes: lingüística e historia . Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima 2002. p. 85.
  21. ↑ Mosoq Testamento - Quechua del Este de Apurímac [New Testament (East Apurimac Quechua)]. Wycliffe Inc., Orlando (FL) 2013 ( Bible.is ).
  22. ↑ David and Heidi Coombs, Wycliffe, Orlando (FL), February 2014 ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gcoceanside.org
  23. ↑ San Lucaspa Jesusmanta qellqasqan. El Evangelio según San Lucas en Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión . Liga Biblica, South Holland (IL) 1993; Jesuspa apostolninkunaq ruwasqanku. Los hechos de los apóstoles en Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión . Liga Bíblica, South Holland (IL) 1993