Chinchay
Chinchay (after Chinchaysuyu , the northern region of the Inca empire Tawantinsuyu ) or Quechua II b (side branch of the Wampuy ) is the linguistic name after Alfredo Torero for the northern variants of the Quechua language family , namely the dialects in the north and known as Inka or Kichwa Eastern ( Amazonia ) Peru , the Kichwa in Ecuador and the Inga in Colombia .
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It is characteristic of the Chinchay Quechua that the uvular plosive [q] has become a velar plosive [k] (corresponding to the German k), due to which the sound [i] never like [e], [u] never how [o] is spoken. This is where the name Kichwa comes from compared to Qhichwa or Qiĉwa in other Quechua variants. As in Southern Quechua , but in contrast to Yunkay (Quechua II a), the original retroflexes [ĉ] has coincided with [č] (ch).
It has other phonetic peculiarities in common with the northern Peruvian Yunkay variants ( Cajamarca-Quechua , Inkawasi-Kañaris ): ll is pronounced as in Argentina (j in French Journal), mp as [mb], nt as [nd] and nk as [ ng]. However, the voiced plosives b, d, g are not phonemic and are therefore - also in alignment with other Quechua variants - in modern Quechua spelling as p, t, k. The ch coincides with the "ll" before n through assimilation in the pronunciation. In contrast to the southern dialects, the original "sh" (like German: sch) has been preserved and has a phonemic character (e.g. pushak = 'leader'; pusak = 'eight'). In the Peruvian Chinchay dialects, as in Yunkay Quechua, the initial [h] is silent. The similarities also predominate in grammatical terms, for example in the plural form of the verb by adding -llapa or -sapa .
The Kichwa of Northern Peru includes the Lamas Quechua (in San Martín ) as well as all Quechua dialects of Loreto . Likewise, the Chachapoyas-Quechua belongs to the Chinchay , in which the [ĉ] is the only variant of this group that has been preserved.
The Kichwa in Ecuador and the Inga in Colombia also belong to the Chinchay Quechua - this is how they show all the phonetic properties described - but have undergone their own language development ( creolization ) and therefore hold a linguistic special position compared to all other Quechua variants.
literature
- Alfredo Torero : Los dialectos quechuas . Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria , 2, pp. 446-478. Lima, 1964.
- Alfredo Torero: La familia lingüística quechua . En: Pottier, Bernard (ed.) América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas . Caracas; Monte Avila Editores, CA pp. 61-92., 1983.