Inkawasi Kañaris

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Lambayeque Quechua (Inkawasi-Kañaris Runashimi / Kichwa)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 30,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

quf, que (macro language)

Inkawasi-Kañaris or Lambayeque-Quechua ( Quechua : Inkawasi-Kañaris Runashimi , also Kichwa ) is a variety of Quechua that is found in a language island in the province of Ferreñafe in the Peruvian department of Lambayeque (districts Inkawasi and Kañaris), in Penachí in the neighboring district of Salas ( Province of Lambayeque) as well as in neighboring communities in the departments of Cajamarca and Piura .

history

Quechua was brought to the region by resettlers groups ( mitma ) , especially Kañaris , during the Inca period . It was never spoken on the coast of Lambayeque; there reigned formerly the Mochica ago. The Quechua Inkawasi-Kañaris was undocumented for a long time. More detailed descriptions were made by the Australian-French linguist Gerald Taylor (1982 and 1996). A collection of narratives from the oral tradition, Shumaq parlakunay , came out in 2001.

A translation of the New Testament into Inkawasi-Kañaris was published in 2004. A translation of the Old Testament is also being worked on.

Linguistic features

The Quechua Inkawasi-Kañaris has largely preserved the old Quechua sound system, including the retroflex ch [ĉ]. In contrast to Cajamarca Quechua , with which it has a lot in common - a vocabulary that is 94% common according to Ethnologue - in addition to the initial [h], in many cases the initial [s] is also muted (cf. suk - uk "one") , surquy - urquy "pull out"). The frequent contraction of words is noticeable . It also has some features of Quechua I ( Waywash ) such as: B. the gerund on -r and the suffix -naw ("like"). In common with other northern Peruvian Quechua variants, plural forms of the verb are formed by adding "llapa".

The Quechua numerals (except one to three) have been forgotten in Lambayeque; H. even monolingual Quechua speakers count Spanish. If you want to hold arithmetic lessons in Quechua at school, the students have to relearn the Quechua numbers. In materials from the Peruvian Ministry of Education, these are used up to the million (hunu) . In contrast, the 2004 translation of the New Testament uses Spanish numbers.

Writing

In Peru in the course of the 2000s - in addition to the Quechua variants Qusqu-Qullaw, Chanka and Anqash and other indigenous languages ​​- school materials were also developed in the Inkawasi-Kañaris variant on behalf of the Ministry of Education: Yaĉakuq Masiy (reading and writing) and Yupaq Masiy (Arithmetic). Current materials were published in 2015/1016 under the titles " Shumaq kaway " and Yupana .

In contrast to Bible translations in most other Quechua varieties, the translation of the New Testament in Inkawasi-Kañaris largely uses the rules of official spelling with a three-vowel system (a, i, u) and the graphemes k, q, w used for / k /, / q / and / w /. The only significant difference is that stands ch for the phoneme of retroflex / c ^ / in the translation of the Bible, in the materials of the Ministry of Education, however ĉ .

Sociolinguistic situation

The current number of speakers is around 20,000 to 30,000 people. There are still many monolinguals among them, which is due to the remoteness of the villages. That's why the children in most places still learn Quechua as their first language. Primary schools with intercultural bilingual education have recently been established, to which indigenous children are entitled on the basis of the Language Law (Ley 29735) drafted by María Sumire and passed in 2011 . According to official information from the school authorities, 9624 Quechua-speaking students had such a right in Lambayeque in 2013. José Luciano Vilcabana Sánchez, native speaker from Inkawasi, assesses the situation of the language as stable in 2006, since it is used orally in all domains in rural communities and there is a positive attitude, which is why the language is passed on to the children, although 70 to 80% of the population are bilingual. Most children also learn to read and write in Quechua afterwards, but no letters have been written in everyday life, for example. According to the Directorate for Intercultural Bilingual and Rural Education at the Peruvian Ministry of Education from 2013, the language is endangered as it is mainly spoken by adults in some communities. In 215 schools in Lambayeque, intercultural bilingual education is provided with Inkawasi-Kañaris-Quechua as the mother tongue of the students and in 13 schools with Quechua as the second language. In the catchment area of ​​the latter schools, the language is not passed on from parents to children. Teaching in the mother tongue is not guaranteed for all Quechua-speaking children. In September 2014, there was a shortage of 180 Quechua-speaking teachers in Lambayeque, so that 500 children are denied intercultural bilingual education even though they are entitled to it. Since many children in the Inkawasi-Kañaris region still come to school monolingual with Quechua, they particularly suffer from teaching exclusively in Spanish with teachers who, according to current law, would have to be replaced by teachers with Quechua as their mother tongue, according to the indigenous politician Rosa Sara Huamán Rinza from San Juan de Cañaris. This contrasts with examples of extremely successful Quechua elementary school classes.

The neighboring region of Piura has long been considered an area in which all indigenous languages ​​have died out. However, after a primary school was set up in the remote mountain village of Chilcapampa in 2009, the local population demanded that school officials present there be taught in their mother tongue - Quechua. The Peruvian Ministry of Education recognized Chilcapampa as an indigenous community in 2012. By comparison with video recordings from Cajamarca and a trip to Inkawasi, it turned out that the Chilcapampa Quechua was Inkawasi Kañaris. In 2013, a Quechua-speaking teacher from Inkawasi and a local colleague were employed in Chilcapampa and intercultural bilingual education was set up; in 2014 there were four teachers.

literature

  • Gerald Taylor: Breve presentación de la morfología del quechua de Ferreñafe . Lexis VI (2), pp. 243-270. Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de Las Casas”, Cuzco 1982.
  • Gerald Taylor: El Quechua de Ferreñafe. Fonología, morfología, léxico . Acku Quinde, Cajamarca 1996.
  • Gladys Gioconda Quevedo Morales, Justina Llanos Parraguez, (Eds.): Shumaq parlakunay . Instituto de Promoción y Preyección Social Inkawasi Kañaris, Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Fondo Editorial. Lima 2001.
  • Oscar Bernilla Carlos, Gerald Taylor (2000): Yaĉapa . Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 2000, 29 (1), pp. 109-127.
  • Ronel Groenewald et al. (2002): Shumaq liyinawan yaĉakushun - Aprendamos con los cuentos bonitos . Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ( SIL International ), Inkawasi (Lambayeque) 2002.

Web links

Official teaching materials

  • Shumaq kaway - Pulla yachakushun (reading, writing). Volume 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
  • Yupana - Pulla yachakushun (arithmetic). Volume 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jose Rosas Saenz: 4 lenguas, 5 días ( Memento of the original from February 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. November 9, 2014. Manaraq imapis kayatinchu, Dyusqa ruraran syiluwan pachata . (In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ircontecnologia.org
  2. ↑ Quechua, Lambayeque: a language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (eds.), 2014: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. ^ Matemáticas en Educación Intercultural Bilinguale. Orientaciones pedagógicas ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Matemáticas en EIB series 1. p. 29.
  4. ↑ Feeding the Five Thousand , sinku tantitamanta sinku mil runakunata qarashaytaqa , San Marcos 8:19. Feeding the Four Thousand , Chaynulla manachu yarpunkillapa chay syiti tantitamanta kwatru mil runakunata qaratiypis, achka kanastata subranta tantashaykillapataqa. San Mateo 16:10. Mushuq Testamento . La Liga Bíblica. Primera edición, 2004. Segunda edición, 2008.
  5. ↑ Lambayeque: Reconocen aporte investigativo de maestros bilingües . RPP Noticias, November 19, 2013.
  6. ↑ José Luciano Vilcabana Sánchez: La situación sociolingüística del quechua de Lambayeque en 2006 . In: Stephen A. Marlett (ed.): Situaciones sociolingüísticas de lenguas amerindias . SIL International and Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 2006. On the Internet at www.lengamer.org.
  7. ↑ Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Lambayeque ( Memento of February 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), 2014, pp. 138f.
  8. ↑ Lambayeque: 500 alumnos perjudicados por falta de docentes bilingües . RPP Noticias, September 7, 2014.
  9. ↑ Faltan maestros quechuas en zona andina lambayecana . RPP Noticias, April 5, 2014.
  10. ↑ Mallkikuna tukukaran, un cuento de quechua -Incahuasi- por Lidia Sánchez Céspedes profesora EBI. Entrevista . Gonzalo Espino: La alforja de Chuque . March 5, 2012.
  11. ↑ María José Correa: Chilcapampa, la última comunidad piurana heredera del quechua ( Memento of February 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). El Comercio, August 3, 2013.
  12. ↑ Javier Cobeñas: El Minedu reconoce el quechua como lengua originaria de Piura ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Vida Radio, 5th August 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / vidaradiofm.com
  13. ↑ Comunidad escolar Quechua hablante de la región ya tiene docentes ( Memento of February 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Gobierno Regional Piura. 4th March 2014.