Muchik

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Muchik or Mochica (also Yunga or Yunka after the high zone on the western slope of the Andes ) was an indigenous language that was spoken on the northern Pacific coast of Peru in the area of ​​the Chimú or the pre-existing Mochica culture.

history

Muchik was one of the major lingua franca ( besides Quechua , Aymara and Puquina ) that were spoken in the area of ​​the Inca Empire ( Tawantinsuyu ) at the time of the Conquista .

The language was documented in the 17th century by the Catholic priest Fernando de la Carrera Daza, who published his Arte de la lengua yunga de los valles del obispado de Truxillo del Perú in 1644 . In addition to a grammar, this book contains basic texts of the Catholic Church, some in question-and-answer form, as well as some non-religious dialogues. The texts, which were hardly structurally influenced by Spanish, were evidently written by a native speaker. There are also some prayer texts from this period, in particular the Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum by Luis Jerónimo de Oré from 1607, as well as a vocabulary from the end of the 18th century by Bishop Baltazar Jaime Martínez Compañón . In the area of Trujillo , the core area of ​​the Chimú, the Mochica died out in the 18th century. At the end of the 19th century, Ernst Middendorf carried out field surveys on the coast of Lambayeque , then Hans Heinrich Brüning between 1906 and 1910 , when the language was already dying out. In Etén (Departamento Lambayeque), however, there were still some old people with Mochica knowledge living in 1929 who gave the linguist Walter Lehmann information about the language. The last mochica speakers are believed to have died in the 1950s.

classification

These sources were later evaluated by the Peruvian linguist Alfredo Torero .

Typologically , Muchik differs fundamentally from the other important historical languages ​​of the South American west coast, such as Quechua, Aymara and Mapudungun, and has structures that rarely appear in other South American languages. So case suffixes are linked in a row. The ablative suffix must be preceded by the locative suffix, which in turn must be preceded by the form of the oblique case . All nouns have a stem for "owned" and "not owned". There is also a separate case for the actor in passive forms. In the verb, all finite forms are formed with the copula .

The Mochica language has no relationship with any living or other adequately documented language and was hardly influenced by Quechua, the main lingua franca of Tawantinsuyu. Due to some parallels with several other extinct, little-known languages ​​(e.g. Puruhá, Kañari), Muchik is combined with these in the family of Yunka languages .

The hardly documented Quingnam of the coastal region of the Chimú empire, also known as Lengua Pescadora or Yunga Pescadora, has been classified as a Muchik dialect, but a list of numerals assigned to the Quingnam or Pescadora does not match the Muchik numbers .

Original Muchik songs

From the records of Bishop Baltazar Jaime Martínez Compañón, a Muchik song text including a melody (a tonada ), the Tonada del Chimo , among other regional songs, has survived from the 18th century .

To this day, Mochica verses are used in some ritual chants in the Inkawasi district (Ferreñafe province, Lambayeque department), where Quechua ( Inkawasi-Kañaris ) is otherwise spoken today.

Today's courses in Peru

In particular, the lecturer Ana Ramos Cabrera (1957–2011) endeavored to spread the knowledge of Muchik as part of a cultural revival of the Mochica culture. She wrote the textbook Maellaec maix muchik (Hablemos muchik) and, among other things, taught teachers in this language in Chiclayo in the last years of her life . The Lambayeque region added the option of Muchik classes to the official curriculum in 2008; In 2012, the textbook Tūk muchik was published , which is intended for use in Peruvian schools.

literature

  • Hans Heinrich Brüning : Mochica Dictionary / Diccionario Mochica (collected in Etén in the years 1906-1910). ed.Salas García, José Antonio, Lima 2004, ISBN 9972-54-119-3
  • Ernst Middendorf : The Muchic or the Chimu language. The native languages ​​of Peru . [Brockhaus, Leipzig 1890–92. Volume 6] 1892.
  • Gertrud Schumacher de Peña: El vocabulario mochica de Walter Lehmann 1929, comparado con otras fuentes léxicas . Instituto de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada (CILA) UNMSM, Lima 1991, 56 pages.
  • Fernando de la Carrera Daza: Arte de la lengua Yunga de los valles del Obispado de Truxillo del Peru, con un Confessionario, y todas las Oraciones Christianas, traducidas en la lengua, y otras cosas . Lima 1644.
  • Gerónimo de Oré: Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum , around 1605 (prayer book in various indigenous languages, contains six pages in the Muchik language by an unknown author)
  • Alfredo Torero: Deslindes lingüísticos en la costa norte peruana. In: Revista Andina . Volume 4/2, Cuzco 1986, pp. 523-545.
  • Alfredo Torero: La fonología del idioma mochica en los siglos XVI – XVII. In: Revista Andina . Volume 29, Cuzco 1997, pp. 101-129.
  • José Antonio Salas: Diccionario / Mochica-Castellano / Castellano-Mochica . Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima 2002.
  • Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino: La lengua de Naimlap. Reconstruction y obsolescencia del mochica . PUCP, Lima 1995.
  • Even Hovdhaugen: Mochica . Languages ​​of the World, Lincom Europa, 2004. ISBN 3-89586-862-0 ( summary on linguistlist.org )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Paul Heggarty (2008): Linguistics for Archaeologists: a Case-study in the Andes ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.arch.cam.ac.uk archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.5 MB) , Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18: 1, 35–56. P. 51.
  2. ↑ Moisés Ortiz Ayla: Una identidad revalorada: Yo soy moche . El Peruano, N ° 284, suplemento "Variedades", July 16, 2012. Copy in El Reportero de la Historia, July 19, 2012.
  3. ↑ Juan Carlos Chero Zurita, Medalid Peralta Vallejo, Luis Enrique Chero Zurita: Tuk Muchik . Texto básico para el aprendizaje del idioma mochica. 2012.
  4. ↑ Presentan Tûk Muchik - un texto para la enseñanza de la lengua Mochica ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eldigital.pe archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . El Digital, December 8, 2012.