Chachapoyas Quechua

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Chachapoyas Quechua (Chachapuya Runashimi / Kichwa)

Spoken in

Peru
speaker 6,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Peru (regional)
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

quk, que (macro language)

Chachapoyas Quechua ( Quechua : Chachapuya Runashimi or Kichwa ) is a variety of Quechua that is spoken in a language island in the Peruvian department of the Amazon in the provinces of Chachapoyas and Luya .

history

The Quechua was brought to the area of ​​the defeated Chachapoya by resettlement groups in the Inca period . However, it was never spoken in the entire region.

Chachapoyas Quechua was undocumented until the 1970s. The Australian-French linguist Gerald Taylor conducted field research in the region in the 1970s and drew up Quechua narratives in Olto in the province of Luya (1975) and La Jalca in the province of Chachapoyas (1977), when the language was already only from the elderly. Much of the documentation of Chachapoyas Quechua goes back to this work by Taylor. Although there was also a single field study by the SIL in Lamud (Luya Province) at the beginning of 1974 (David Weber 1975), no work has been carried out by SIL in the Quechua-speaking area of ​​the Amazonas department since then.

Sociolinguistic situation

The Chachapoyas Quechua is spoken almost everywhere only by the elderly, so it is a highly endangered Quechua variant. According to Gerald Taylor (1996), the massive Hispanization began in the 1950s, so that by 1975 only a few people under 40 spoke Quechua and very few people were able to tell traditional stories. With reference to Taylor, Inés Pozzi Escot described Chachapoyas-Quechua in 1998 as an almost extinct language. In clear contradiction to this, the number of speakers in the 15th edition of the Ethnologue of SIL International from 2005 for the year 2003 with reference to SIL itself is given as about 7,000 people, of which about 300 are monolingual, although it is only in the district of Conila of all Ages and not passed on to children elsewhere. In the 17th edition of the Ethnologue from 2014 as well as in the 22nd edition from 2019, a threat to language is denied, but there are no SIL publications to prove this. According to official Census data from 2007, 458 people lived in the Amazon region with Quechua as their mother tongue. A travelogue published in 2014 from Quinjalca and Olleros - two places where Gerald Taylor recorded stories in Quechua in 1975 (in Quinjalca from the son of the bear , Jwan Puma , Taylor 1996, p. 82ff.) - shows that the presence of living Quechua Spokesman is widely negated by villagers and especially the village teachers. These extremely low numbers of speakers or the denial of the language can, however, also be explained by the low prestige of Quechua and especially by its central and northern Peruvian variants.

There are no projects on intercultural bilingual education . There are, however, information about old people who only speak Chachapoyas Quechua. It should still be used at festivals and in songs, so that the young, non-Quechua-speaking generation is excluded from it. This situation has already led to the fact that students - so far in vain - demanded Quechua lessons from their teachers in order to be able to communicate adequately with the elders of their village.

The population in Chachapoyas has no access to any publication in Chachapoyas Quechua. Some texts from the oral tradition have appeared in academic papers by Gerald Taylor. According to the evangelical Joshua project, there are also no translations of biblical texts, rather their necessity is questioned.

Linguistic particularities

The Chachapoyas Quechua belongs to the Chinchay Quechua, but has a special position due to some phonetic peculiarities. In contrast to the other Chinchay dialects, it received the retroflexe ch [ĉ]. The frequent contraction of words is noticeable . This also includes the conversion of the original ay to long e and aw to long o. As the only variant of Quechua, the Chachapoyas dialect always has the stress on the first syllable, which is also seen as the cause of the contraction.

literature

  • Gerald Taylor: Diccionario Quechua Chachapoyas - Lamas (- Castellano) [Chachapoyas-Quechua Dictionary - Lamas-Quechua (- Spanish)]. Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima 2006.
  • Gerald Taylor: Método de quechua chachapoyano. Introducción al idioma ya la tradición oral . Editorial Commentarios, Lima 2005.
  • Gerald Taylor: La tradición oral quechua de Chachapoyas . Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima 1996.
  • Gérald Taylor: Le Parler quechua d'Olto: Amazonas, Pérou . Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France, Paris 1975.
  • Carmelo Chaparro: Fonología y lexicón del quechua de Chachapoyas . Universidad Nacional Nayor de San Marcos, Lima 1985
  • Gérald Taylor: Relatos Quechuas Del Alto Imaza: Chachapoyas . IFEA, Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Lima 2005.
  • Gerald Taylor: Juan Puma, el Hijo del Oso. Cuento Quechua de La Jalca, Chachapoyas (PDF; 321 kB) [Juan Puma, the bear's son . Story in Quechua by La Jalca ]. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines, núméro spécial: Tradición oral y mitología Andinas. Lima 1997, Tomo 26, Número 3.
  • Gerald Taylor: Les deux frères. Conte quechua de La Jalca (Amazonas, Pérou) (PDF; 597 kB) [The two brothers. Story in Quechua by La Jalca]. AMERINDIA n ° 2, 1977.
  • David Weber: Apuntes sobre el quechua de Lamud (PDF; 1.3 MB) . ILV , Lima 1975.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Inés Pozzi-Escot: El multilingüísmo en el Perú . Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas", 1998. p. 220.
  2. Quechua, Chachapoyas: A language of Peru . Raymond G. Gordon Jr. (ed.), 2005: Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  3. Quechua, Chachapoyas: A language of Peru . M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (Eds.), 2014 (17th ed.): Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  4. Quechua, Chachapoyas: A language of Peru . David M. Eberhard, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (Eds.), 2019 (22nd edition): Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World. Twenty-second edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Language Use: Used by all. Also use Spanish [spa].
  5. ^ SIL, Language & Culture Archives: Archives Search, quk (SIL Resources on Chachapoyas Quechua)
  6. Michael F. Brown: Upriver: The Turbulent Life and Times of an Amazonian People . Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) 2014. pp. 21f.
  7. Lucy T. Briggs: Bilingual Education in Peru and Bolivia . In: Nessa Wolfson, Joan Manes: Language of Inequality . Mouton Publishers, Berlin / New York / Amsterdam 1985. pp. 297-310, here p. 298.
  8. Javier Albó: Lengua y sociedad en Bolivia 1976 . Instituto Nacional de Estadística, La Paz 1980.
  9. ^ Nancy H. Hornberger, Serafin M. Coronel-Molina: Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization in the Andes: The case for language planning , International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2004 (167), pp. 9-67, here p. 19f.
  10. Perú, Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General de Educación Intercultural, Bilingüe y Rural: Documento Nacional de Lenguas Originarias del Perú , Amazonas, 2013, p. 229.
  11. José Antonio Vásquez Medina: Enfoque Intercultural Para una Educación Básica Regular Intercultural y Bilingüe ( Memento of the original from February 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Revista cultural electrónica Construyendo Nuestra Interculturalidad Nº4, September 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / interculturalidad.org
  12. Joshua Project: Quechua, Chachapoyas - Bibles - Questionable translation need . http://legacy.joshuaproject.net/languages.php?rol3=quk