Quechua in Bolivia

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Bolivian Quechua (Qhichwa)

Spoken in

Bolivia , Argentina
speaker 3,600,000  
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in BoliviaBolivia Bolivia
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

qu

ISO 639 -2

que

ISO 639-3

que (macro language), qul (northern Bolivia), quh (southern Bolivia)

Quechua in Bolivia ( Quechua : Qhichwa simi , Qhichwa or Qullasuyu Qhichwa ) are the dialects of the Quechua variant Qusqu-Qullaw spoken in Bolivia , which, due to their similarity to each other - especially compared to the Quechua variants within Peru  - form a unit.

There are two Quechua-language areas in Bolivia, which are spatially separated by the Aymara -language area and which are known as North Bolivian (116,000 speakers according to SIL ) and South Bolivian Quechua (2.8 million speakers according to SIL).

The südbolivianische Quechua (considered by SIL as a separate language) not only in vocabulary but also in the morphology of the large number of items Spanish accepted (eg .:. Plural with -s instead -kuna , diminutive with - (s) itu / - (s) ita instead of -cha ).

The northern Bolivian Quechua , on the other hand, has retained more of the original Quechua structures and is therefore closer to the Peruvian Cusco-Quechua , which also belongs to the Qusqu-Qullaw.

The written language standard for all Quechua dialects in Bolivia is Southern Quechua , which reflects more of the original Quechua characteristics and is therefore closer to North Bolivian Quechua. The only important difference to southern Peru is not "h" for the sound [h], but rather "j" according to the Spanish model.

Subordinate clauses in South Bolivian Quechua

Characteristic of the Quechua dialects, especially in southern Bolivia - to a lesser extent in other Qusqu-Qullaw variants - is the presence and frequent use of subordinate clauses with conjunctions and relative pronouns , which are created by adding the suffix -chus (originated from the question- Ending -chu and the reportative evidentiality suffix -s ) can be formed from question words. Although these connective words are of pure Quechua origin, linguists attribute them to the influence of Spanish on the syntax of Bolivian Quechua.

Example: Through the conjunction imaraykuchus "because" (from imarayku? "Why?" And -chus ) there is a third possibility in South Bolivian Quechua to translate the German sentence "Because you said it, he came."

  1. Niptiykim hamurqa.
  2. Nisqaykiraykum hamurqa.
  3. Imaraykuchus nirqanki, hamurqa.

The first two expressions are common throughout the Quechua-speaking area (except Kichwa ), while the third variant is often used in (southern) Bolivian Quechua, although it is also possible in Cusco-Quechua .

The conjunction sichus (si + chus) , which introduces conditional clauses , is partly borrowed from Spanish . The use of this conjunction is illustrated by the example of the sentence spoken by the devil to Jesus if you are God's Son, speak to the stone that it will become bread! ( Luke 4: 3) from three different Bible translations (1st for Ayacucho, 2nd for Cusco, 3rd for South Bolivia):

  1. Dyuspa Churin kaspaykiqa, niy kay rumita tantaman tukukunanpaq!
  2. Dyuspa Churinchus kanki chayqa, niy kay rumita t'antaman tukunanpaq!
  3. Sichus Dyuspa Churin kanki chayqa, niy kay rumiqa t'antaman tukunanta!

The main clause (second sub-clause) is a translation variant and not typical of the region. With the subordinate clause, however, only variant 1 is common in the entire Quechua-language area (except Kichwa ). Variant 2 is often used in the Quechua of Cusco , while variant 3 is typical for southern Bolivia (also possible in Cusco-Quechua). In the entire dialect area of Qusqu-Qullaw , conditional clauses are usually concluded with the word chayqa (but also in the Huarochirí manuscript ), while they do not exist in other regional variants of Quechua and instead exclusively -pti- / -spa is used.

Web links

literature

  • Garland D. Bills, Bernardo Vallejo C., Rudolph C. Troike: An introduction to spoken Bolivian Quechua. University of Texas Press, 1969, ISBN 0-292-70019-9 .
  • Luis Morató Peña, Luis Morató Lara: Quechua boliviano: curso elemental. Los Amigos de Libro, La Paz 1993, ISBN 84-8370-198-7 .
  • Luis Morató Peña, Luis Morató Lara: Quechua boliviano trilingüe: Qheshwa / English / Castellano: curso intermedio. Los Amigos de Libro, La Paz 1994, ISBN 84-8370-198-7 .
  • Luis Morató Peña, Luis Morató Lara: Quechua boliviano trilingüe: Qheshwa / English / Castellano: curso avanzado. Los Amigos de Libro, La Paz 2000.
  • PC Muysken: La categoría del plural en el quechua boliviano. In: N. Díaz, R. Ludwig, S. Pfànder (eds.): La Romania americana: Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto. 2002, ISBN 84-8489-037-6 , pp. 209-217.