Plosive
Plosives / plosives (also Explosive / plosives , Occlusive / Okklusivlaute , Klusile , mutes or plosives ), the consonants mentioned wherein the articulation of the respiratory airflow is blocked. The immediate re-release of the blocked air flow creates a small "explosion" that creates the sound. The naming is based on the type of articulation . The closure is effected, for example, by a contact of the lips (Example: [ p ] , [ b ] ) or tongue with the articulation in the vocal tract or extension tube (examples: [ t ] , [ d ] , [ k ] , [ g ] ).
terminology
Similarly as in English with the competing names plosive and stop is also available in the German phonetics not complete agreement about whether under plosive or occlusive only those sounds are to understand where the Phonationsstrom is completely blocked, or those in which a partial blockage occurs. If one follows the further definition, in which a partial interruption ("occlusion") also creates a plosive sound, then all clicks , implosives , ejectives and the nasals , in which the air flow also flows out through the nasal cavity during the closure, would also be closed count the plosives. In particular, the status of the nasals is controversial here. The closure of the consonant can take place transiently (= limited in time), ie the closure is implemented using a different articulation . This produces affricates , nasal or lateral Plosionen.
When describing the classical languages, the plosives are referred to as Mutae (singular Muta ). The name is derived from the Latin muta 'mute' , since the plosives “have no duration when pronounced”.
Stop sounds are set here in contrast to the continuous sounds. According to the classic classification, the mutae include the tenues (voiceless plosives , here in the order of their articulation points labial , alveolar , velar ; p, t, k) and the mediae (voiced plosives; b, d, g). In a broader sense, the mutae also include the aspiratae (connected with h; usually in the notation pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, bʰ, dʰ, gʰ or p c , t c , k c , b c , d c , g c ) .
Both in the terminology used by the Duden and in the more recent textbooks, however, “plosive”, “occlusive” and “plosive” are regarded as synonyms. Only those sounds in which the phonation flow is completely blocked are valid as plosive sounds. In order to avoid terminological uncertainty, it is nevertheless better to use the term “plosive” only.
Plosives
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Bilabial plosives (lip closure sounds)
- Voiceless bilabial stop ( [ p ] )
- Voiced bilabial stop ( [ b ] )
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Labiodental plosives
- Voiceless labiodental plosive ( [ P ] )
- Voiced labiodental plosive ( [ B ] )
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Linguolabial plosives
- Voiceless linguolabialer plosive ( [ T ] )
- Voiced linguolabialer plosive ( [ D ] )
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Interdental plosives
- Voiceless interdental plosive ( [ T ] )
- Voiced interdental plosive ( [ D ] )
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Dental plosives
- Voiceless dental plosive ( [ t ] , apical )
- Voiced dental plosive ( [ d ] , apical)
- Voiceless dental plosive ( [ T ] , Laminal , denti-alveolar)
- Voiced dental plosive ( [ D ] , Laminal, denti-alveolar)
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Alveolar plosives (teeth locking sounds)
- Voiceless alveolar plosive ( [ t ] , apical)
- Voiced alveolar plosive ( [ d ] , apical)
- Voiceless alveolar plosive ( [ t ] , laminal)
- Voiced alveolar plosive ( [ d ] , laminal)
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Postalveolar plosives
- Unvoiced plosive postalveolar ( [ t ] , laminal)
- Voiced postalveolar plosive ( [ d ] , laminal)
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Retroflex plosives
- Voiceless retroflex stop ( [ t ] , apical, postalveolar )
- Voiced retroflex stop ( [ d ] , apical, postalveolar)
- Voiceless retroflex plosive ( [ ʈ ] , sub-apical , palatal )
- Voiced retroflex plosive ( [ ɖ ] , sub-apical palatal)
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Palatal plosives
- Voiceless palatal stop ( [ c ] )
- Voiced palatal plosive ( [ ɟ ] )
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Velare plosives (posterior palate closure sounds)
- Voiceless velar stop ( [ k ] )
- Voiced velar stop ( [ g ] )
-
Uvular plosives
- Voiceless uvular plosive ( [ q ] )
- Voiced uvular plosive ( [ ɢ ] )
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Epiglottal plosives
- Voiceless epiglottaler plosive ( [ ʡ ] )
-
Glottal plosives (vocal cord closure sounds)
- Glottal stop ( [ ʔ ] )
See also
literature
- Peter Ladefoged , Ian Maddieson : The sounds of the world's languages. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford et al. 1996, ISBN 0-631-19814-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ T. Alan Hall: Phonology. An introduction. 2nd, revised edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-021587-8 , p. 9.
- ↑ Bernd Pompino-Marschall: Introduction to Phonetics. 3rd, revised edition. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022480-1 , p. 184.