Canellaceae

Canellaceae
	White cinnamon bark tree ( Canella winterana ), illustration
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Magnoliids
Order :	Canellales
Family :	Canellaceae
Scientific name
	Canellaceae
	Mart.

The Canellaceae are a tropical family of plants in the order Canellales .

description

Appearance and trunk

The species of Canellaceae are evergreen trees , more rarely shrubs . The trunk has a cork cambium . The nodes are tri-lacunar or bi-lacunar with three leaf traces. There is no internal phloem . The secondary growth in thickness occurs normally. The xylem contains tracheids . The ends of the vascular cells are inclined and perforated in the form of a ladder or network. The sieve-tube plastids belong to the P-type.

leaves

The leathery, thick, aromatic, whole-edged leaves are characteristic . The stomata are mostly paracytic, less often anomocytic. The mesophyll of the leaves contains spherical cells with essential oils . Furthermore, crystal drusen made of calcium oxalate can be found in the mesophyll . The small leaf vascular bundles ( "minor leaf veins") have at Canella no phloem -Transferzellen. There are no stipules .

Inflorescence and flowers

The flowers stand alone or in zymose or racemose inflorescences . The flowers are hermaphroditic. The inflorescence is subdivided into a calyx and a crown, usually arranged in a cyclic manner, rarely screwed. The three sepals are durable. The seldom four, usually five to twelve petals are usually free, rarely fused. According to another interpretation, the three sepals are bracts. Then the perianth would be the same.

The six to twelve ( many in Cinnamosma ) stamens are fused together to form a tube. All stamens are fertile. The anthers are on the outside of the stamen and open with longitudinal slits. Each dust bag consists of two bisporangiate counters (tetrasporangiat). The anther wall initially has more than one middle layer. The tapetum is glandular. The two-cell pollen is distributed as a single grain. The pollen grains are monosulcate, the aperture can also be V-shaped or hair-shaped.

The gynoeceum consists of two to six fused carpels . The ovary is on top. The placentation is parietal. In the single seed compartment there are two to many campylotropic, bitegmic, crassinucellate ovules . The ovules stand horizontally to upright on the placenta in single or double rows. The micropyle is zigzag shaped. The embryo sac develops according to the polygonum type. One pen is short and thick, the scar lobed two- to six-fold.

White cinnamon bark tree ( Canella winterana )

Flowers of Warburgia salutaris

Warburgia salutaris

Fruits and seeds

There are berries formed, each containing 2 to 100 seeds. The outer seed coat (Exotesta) is sclerotized. The seeds contain abundant oily endosperm that is ruminated (fissured by the tissue folds of the seed coat) or not. The relatively small but clearly developed embryo has two germ layers ( cotyledons ) and is slightly curved or straight.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 11, 13, 14.

ingredients

The species of the Canellaceae form cyanogenic glycosides . All species of the family investigated so far contain sesquiterpenes of the Driman type. This group is relatively rare among the angiosperms and still occurs in the related Winteraceae but also in Persicaria hydropiper (syn .: Polygonum hydropiper ) in the family of the Polygonaceae. Polygodial , which occurs in Warburgia stuhlmannii and Warburgia ugandensis , among others , has a fungicidal effect.

Systematics and distribution

The Canellaceae family is native to the tropics . It occurs in South America, the Antilles and South Florida as well as in Africa and Madagascar.

The Canellaceae family comprises five to six genera with 13 to 21 species:

Canella P Brownne : It contains only one species:
- White cinnamon bark tree ( Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn. , Syn .: Canella alba Murray ): It is widespread in southern Florida , on the Caribbean islands and in northwestern Venezuela.
Cinnamodendron Endl. (incl. Capsicodendron Hoehne ): The ten or so species are common in tropical South America and the Caribbean.

Cinnamosma Baill. : The three or so species occur in Madagascar .

Cinnamosma fragrans Baill. : It occurs in western Madagascar.
Cinnamosma macrocarpa H.Perrier : It occurs in eastern Madagascar.
Cinnamosma madagascariensis Danguy . With two varieties:
- Cinnamosma madagascariensis var. Madagascariensis : It occurs in central Madagascar.
- Cinnamosma madagascariensis var. Namoronensis H.Perrier : It occurs in south-eastern Madagascar.

Pleodendron Tiegh. : With about three types:

Pleodendron costaricense N.Zamora, Hammel & Aguilar : It occurs in Costa Rica.
Pleodendron ekmanii Urb. : It occurs in northern Haiti.
Pleodendron macranthum (Baill.) Tiegh. : It occurs in Puerto Rico.

Warburgia Engl .: The genus was named by Adolf Engler in honor of Otto Warburg . The four or so species are common in Africa :

Warburgia elongata Verdc. : It occurs in eastern Tanzania.
Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov. : It occurs from Zimbabwe to KwaZulu-Natal .
Warburgia stuhlmannii Engl .: It occurs from southeastern Kenya to northeastern Tanzania.
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague : With two subspecies:
- Warburgia ugandensis subsp. longifolia Verdc. : It occurs in southeastern Tanzania.
- Warburgia ugandensis subsp. ugandensis : It occurs from southeastern Ethiopia to Malawi.

Sources and further information

The article is mainly based on the following web links:

Canellaceae on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
Canellaceae in L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz (1992 onwards): DELTA - The families of flowering plants . (Section description)

literature

NP Seeram, LS Francis, OL Needham, H. Jacobs, S. McLean, WF Reynolds: Drimane and bisabolane sesquiterpenoids from Cinnamodendron corticosum (Canellaceae). In: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. Volume 31, No. 6, 2003, ISSN 0305-1978 , pp. 637-640, doi : 10.1016 / S0305-1978 (02) 00203-X .
Thomas K. Wilson: The Comparative Morphology of the Canellaceae. II. Anatomy of the Young Stem and Node. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 52, No. 4, 1965, ISSN 1537-2197 , pp. 369-378, doi : 10.2307 / 2440331 .
Thomas K. Wilson: Comparative Morphology of the Canellaceae. III. Pollen. In: Botanical Gazette . Volume 125, No. 3, 1964, pp. 192-197, abstract .
Thomas K. Wilson: The Comparative Morphology of the Canellaceae. IV. Floral Morphology and Conclusions. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 53, No. 4, 1966, pp. 336-343, doi : 10.2307 / 2439873 .

Individual evidence

↑ Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Maria Axuliadora Coelho Kaplan, Otto Richard Gottlieb: Drimane-Type Sesquiterenoids as Chemosystematic Markers of Canellaceae. In: Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. Volume 10, No. 2, 1999, ISSN 0103-5053 , pp. 136-139, doi : 10.1590 / S0103-50531999000200011 .
^ Isao Kubo, Makoto Taniguchi: Polygodial, an antifungal potentiator. In: Journal of Natural Products . Volume 51, 1988, ISSN 1520-6025 , pp. 22-29, doi : 10.1021 / np50055a002 .
↑ Walter Erhardt , Siegmund Seybold , Nils Bödeker, Erich Götz: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1272.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Canellaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 25, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Canellaceae - collection of images, videos and audio files

Thomas K. Wilson: Canellaceae. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511246-6
Canellaceae on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
Canellaceae on BoDD - Botanical Dermatology Database

[Bastos1999-1] Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Maria Axuliadora Coelho Kaplan, Otto Richard Gottlieb: Drimane-Type Sesquiterenoids as Chemosystematic Markers of Canellaceae. In: Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. Volume 10, No. 2, 1999, ISSN 0103-5053 , pp. 136-139, doi : 10.1590 / S0103-50531999000200011 .

[Kubo1988-2] Isao Kubo, Makoto Taniguchi: Polygodial, an antifungal potentiator. In: Journal of Natural Products . Volume 51, 1988, ISSN 1520-6025 , pp. 22-29, doi : 10.1021 / np50055a002 .

[Zander2008-3] Walter Erhardt , Siegmund Seybold , Nils Bödeker, Erich Götz: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1272.

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Canellaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 25, 2020.